Pediatric Hydrocephalus

General Principles: Genetics of hydrocephalus. Development of the cerebrospinal fluid pathways during embryonic and fetal life in humans. CSF hydrodynamics. Pathophysiology of hydrocephalus. Modern imaging of pediatric hydrocephalus. Classification of hydrocephalus and prenatal hydrocephalus.- Neonatal Hydrocephalus: Hydrocephalus: intracranial pressure, myelination and neurodevelopment. Post-haemorrhagic hydrocephalus in prematures. Benign pericerebral collections in infants.- Tumoral Hydrocephalus: Hydrocephalus in posterior fossa tumors. Hydrocephalus and suprasellar tumors. Hydrocephalus and colloid cysts. Hydrocephalus and spinal tumors.- Complex Hydrocephalus: Post-infectious hydrocephalus. Multiloculated hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus in neurocysticercosis and other parasitic and infectious diseases.- Hydrocephalus and Venous Abnormalities: Hydrocephalus in Dandy-Walker Malformation. Hydrocephalus and aqueductal stenosis.- Treatment: Shunts: Shunt hardware and surgical technique. Abdominal complications of peritoneal shunts. Patterns of shunt failure according to the hydrodynamics characteristics of the valve: lessons from the shunt design trial. Slit ventricle syndrome: Diagnosis and management.- Treatment: Endoscopy: Endoscopic anatomy of the ventricles. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Third ventriculostomy in shunt malfunction. Dynamic MRI of CSF in children. The 'CISS' sequences in the pre-operative MRI assessment of neuroendoscopic third ventriculostomy. Complications of endoscopic third ventriculostomy and ventricular shunts. Re-obstruction of third ventriculostomy. Economic analysis of endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Growth and puberty in hydrocephalus. Epilepsy in childhood shunted hydrocephalus.