Monoclonal Antibodies in Cancer

1 Monoclonal Antibody Defined Antigens on Animal Tumors.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Antigen Expression on Chemically Induced Tumors.- 2.1. Murine Tumors.- 2.2. Rat Tumors.- 2.3. Guinea Pig Tumors.- 3. Use of Monoclonal Antibodies in Tumor Localization and Therapy.- 3.1. In Vivo Localization of Monoclonal Antibodies in Experimental Tumors.- 3.2. Serotherapy Using Antitumor Monoclonal Antibodies.- 3.3. Therapy Using Antitumor Monoclonal Antibodies Conjugated to Cytotoxic Agents.- 4. Conclusion.- References.- 2 Monoclonal Carcinoembryonic Antigen Antibodies.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Development of Monoclonal CEA Immunoassays.- 2.1. General Concepts of Monoclonal Antibody Methodology.- 2.2. Experimental and Clinical Experience with Monoclonal CEA Antibodies.- 3. Monoclonal Antibodies in the Immunohistological Evaluation of CEA.- 4. Monoclonal Anti-CEA Antibodies in Tumor Imaging.- 5. Immunotherapy with Monoclonal CEA Antibodies.- 6. Summary.- References.- 3 Monoclonal Antibodies to Alphafetoprotein and Regulation of AFP Gene Expression.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Monoclonal Antibodies to AFP.- 2.1. ELISA Using Monoclonal Antibodies.- 2.2. Immune Localization Using Anti-AFP.- 2.3. Radioimmunescintigraphy.- 2.4. Immunotherapy.- 3. Control of AFP Gene Expression.- 3.1. AFP and Albumin Gene Expression During Development.- 3.2. AFP and Albumin Gene Structure.- 3.3. AFP and Albumin Gene Expression and Methylation.- 4. Summary.- References.- 4 Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Detection with Monoclonal Antibodies.- 1. Introduction: hCG Chemistry and Immunochemistry with Antisera.- 2. Description of Monoclonal Antibodies to hCG.- 2.1. Affinity, Isotype, Subclass, and Cross-Reactivity of Antibodies.- 2.2. Topological Mapping of Monoclonal Antibodies: Relative Orientation of Epitopes.- 2.3. Biological Effects of Monoclonal Antibodies Against hCG.- 2.4. Special Properties of Monoclonal Antibodies to hCG: Synergistic Effects.- 3. Immunoassays with Monoclonal Antibodies to hCG.- 3.1. Description of Commercial Immunoassays for hCG Employing Monoclonal Antibodies.- 3.2. Research Immunoassays for hCG.- 4. In Vivo Immunodetection of Tumors.- 5. Immunocytochemistry with Monoclonal Antibodies to hCG.- 6. Summary.- References.- 5 Products of the Major Histocompatibility Complex on Tumor Cells.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Variable Expression of MHC Antigens by Tumor Cells.- 2.1. Inducible MHC Antigens on Murine Tumors Cells.- 2.2. Inducible MHC Antigens on Human Tumors.- 2.3. Implications for Human Tumor Immunology.- 3. Abnormal Expression of MHC Antigens by Tumor Cells.- 3.1. Abnormal Expression of MHC Antigens on Murine Tumor Cells.- 3.2. Abnormal Expression of MHC Antigens on Human Tumor Cells.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 6 Monoclonal Antibodies: Probes for the Study of Malignant T Cells.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Monoclonal Antibodies as Probes for the Study of Malignant T Cells.- 3. Normal T-Cell Maturation as Defined by Monoclonal Antibodies.- 4. Phenotypic Analysis of Malignant T Cells in Defined Clinical Syndromes.- 4.1. T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.- 4.2. T-Cell Lymphoblastic Lymphoma.- 4.3. T-Cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia.- 4.4. Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma.- 4.5. T-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia.- 4.6. IgG Fc Receptor Beraing (TG) Lymphoproliferative Disease.- 4.7. Hairy Cell Leukemia.- 4.8. HTLV-Associated Japanese, Caribbean, and American Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATL).- 4.9. Diffuse Lymphomas.- 4.10. T-Cell “Premalignant” Proliferative Disease.- 4.11. Thymoma.- 5. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 7 Antigenic Markers on Normal and Malignant BCells.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Antigenic Markers on Normal B Cells.- 3. Antigenic Markers on Malignant B Cells.- Bibliography for Further Reading.- 8 Nonlymphoblastic Leukemia-Associated Antigens Identified by Monoclonal Antibodies.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Myeloid-Associated Antigens Expressed by Normal Hematopoietic Cells and Cell Lines.- 2.1. Monoclonal Antibodies to Antigens Expressed Primarily on Granulocytes.- 2.2. Monoclonal Antibodies to Antigens Primarily Expressed by Monocytes.- 2.3. Monoclonal Antibodies to Antigens Associated with Granulocytes and Monocytes.- 2.4. Monoclonal Antibodies to Antigens Primarily Expressed on Immature Granulocytes and Monocytes.- 2.5. Antibodies Against Erythroid and Megakaryocytic Lineage-Associated Antigens.- 2.6. Myeloid-Associated Antigens Expressed by Hematopoietic Progenitors.- 2.7. Expression of Myeloid-Associated Antigens During Ontogeny and Phylogeny.- 2.8. Myeloid-Associated Antigens on Human Myeloid Cell Lines.- 3. Expression of Myeloid-Associated Antigens by Myeloid Leukemias.- 3.1. Diagnosis of Acute Nonlymphoblastic Leukemia Using Monoclonal Antibodies: Discrimination from ALL.- 3.2. Subsets of Acute Nonlymphoblastic Leukemia Defined by Monoclonal Antibodies.- 3.3. Prognostic Implications of Cell Surface Phenotype.- 4. Monoclonal Antibodies as Probes of Leukemic Stem Cell Phenotype and Differentiation.- 5. Therapy of Myeloid Leukemias Using Antibodies to Leukemia-Associated Antigens.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- 9 Monoclonal Antibodies as Probes for the Molecular Structure and Biological Function of Melanoma-Associated Antigens.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Immunological Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies.- 3. Immunochemical and Molecular Profiles of Human Melanoma-Associated Antigens.- 3.1. Glycoproteins.- 3.2. Glycolipids.- 4. Biosynthesis and Structure of Melanoma-Associated Antigens.- 5. Function of Melanoma Antigens Defined by Monoclonal Antibodies.- 5.1. In Vitro Studies.- 5.2. In Vivo Studies.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- 10 Lung Cancer Markers as Detected by Monoclonal Antibodies.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 3. Characterization Studies.- 4. Monoclonal Antibodies to Small-Cell Lung Cancer.- 4.1. Analysis of Antigen Expression in Small-Cell Lung Cancer.- 5. Monoclonal Antibodies to Nonsmall-Cell Lung Cancer.- 6. Monoclonal Antibodies to Defined Proteins of Lung Cancer.- 7. Imaging Lung Cancer with Monoclonal Antibodies.- 8. Monoclonal Antibodies with Therapeutic Applications.- 8.1. In Small-Cell Lung Cancer Variants.- 8.2. In Small-Cell Lung Cancer.- 9. Summary.- References.- 11 Human Breast Cancer Markers Defined by Monoclonal Antibodies.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Generation of Monoclonal Antibodies.- 3. Mammary Carcinoma Tissue as Immunogen for the Preparation of Monoclonal Anbibodies to Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA).- 4. Identification and Purification of Mammary Tumor-Associated Antigens.- 5. Antigenic Modulation and Evolution Within Human Mammary Carcinoma Cell Populations.- 6. Differential Reactivity of a Monoclonal Antibody (DF3) with Human Malignant Vs Benign Breast Tumors.- 7. Radiolocalization of Human Mammary Tumor Transplants in Athymic Mice by a Monoclonal Antibody.- 8. The Use of Recombinant Interferon to Enhance Detection of Human Carcinoma Antigens by Monoclonal Antibodies.- References.- 12 Antigens of Normal and Malignant Human Exocrine Pancreatic Cells.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Human Pancreatic Cell Antigens Defined by Polyclonal Antibodies.- 2.1. Polyclonal Antibodies Elicited to Normal Adult Pancreas or to Pancreatic Secretions.- 2.2. Polyclonal Antibodies Elicited to Fetal Pancreas.- 2.3. Polyclonal Antibodies Elicited to Pancreatic Tumors.- 3. Pancreatic Antigens Defined by Monoclonal Antibodies.- 3.1. Monoclonal Antibodies Elicited to Normal Pancreatic Cell Antigens.- 3.2. Monoclonal Antibodies Reactive with Pancreatic Tumor-Associated Antigens.- 4. General Discussion.- References.- 13 Monoclonal Antibodies to Human Prostate Cancer-Related Antigens.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cell Surface Antigens of Established Prostate Tumor Lines.- 3. Prostate Membrane-Associated Antigens.- 4. Prostate Antigen.- 5. Prostatic Acid Phosphatase.- 6. Summary.- References.- 14 Monoclonal Antibodies to Renal Cancer Markers.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Mab S4.- 3. Mab S22.- 4. Mab S23.- 5. Mab S6.- 6. Use as Markers of Proximal Tubular Cells.- 7. Ability to Discriminate Renal from Nonrenal Cancers.- 8. Subclassification of Renal Cancer.- 8.1. gp/20nr.- 8.2. Subclassification of gp120nr+ Renal Cancers.- 9. Correlation of Antigenic Phenotypes and Clinical Parameters.- 10. Summary.- References.- 15 Immunochemistry of Human Teratocarcinoma Stem Cells.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Stem Cells of Human Teratocarcinomas.- 2.1. Human Embryonal Carcinoma Cells.- 2.2. Surface Markers of Human EC Cells.- 2.3. Intermediate Filaments.- 3. Markers of Differentiation.- 3.1. The Nature of Differentiation.- 3.2. The Disappearance of EC Cell Markers.- 3.3. The Appearance of New Cell Markers.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 16 Use of Monoclonal Antibodies in Neurobiology and Neurooncology.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Markers of Central and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Tumors Defined by Mabs.- 2.1. Biochemically Defined Markers.- 2.2. Shared Nervous System—Lymphoid Cell Markers.- 2.3. Shared Neuroectodermal—Oncofetal Markers.- 2.4. Putative Tumor-Restricted Markers.- 2.5.Markers of Interest Defined in Animal Model Systems.- 3. Current and Prospective Use of Marker-Mab Systems.- 3.1. The Problem of Antibody Localization and Delivery.- 3.2. The Problem of Antigenic Heterogeneity.- 3.3. Current Use of Single Marker—Mab Systems.- 3.4. The Use of Mab Panels.- 4. Summary and Prospects.- References.- 17 Human Monoclonal Antibodies: Humoral Immune Response in Patients with Cancer.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Serological Evidence of Tumor Immunity in Humans.- 1.2. Clinical Evidence of Tumor Immunity in Humans.- 1.3. In Vivo Applications of Human Monoclonal Antibodies.- 2. Approaches to the Generation of Human Monoclonal Antibodies.- 2.1. Immortalization of B Lymphocytes by Epstein-Barr Virus.- 2.2. Strategies Using the Hybridoma Technology.- 3. Further Experimental Strategies.- 3.1. The EBV-Hybridoma Approach.- 3.2. Growth of Nontransformed B Cells in Culture.- 3.3. Preselection of B Cells In Vitro: Systems for In Vitro Stimulation by Antigen.- 3.4. Fusion Partners and Fusion Conditions.- 3.5. Immunoglobulin Genes.- 4. Human Monoclonal Antibodies Derived from Lymphocytes of Patients with Cancer.- 5. Conclusions.- References.