Digital Dentistry

Arthur R.G. Cortes, DDS, MSc, PhD, is an Associate Professor and Acting Head of Department, Department of Dental Surgery, Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Malta. He has a PhD in Oral Diagnosis after completing a one-year postdoctoral fellowship at Harvard University, Boston, USA. He is also an Oral Implantologist, fellow and speaker of the International Team of Implantologists (ITI) and co-founder of the European Academy of Digital Dentistry.

List of contributors

PART 1 Basic Knowledge of Digital Dentistry

Chapter 1 Introduction to Digital Dentistry
Contributors: Renan L.B. da Silva, Jun Ho Kim, Roberto A. Markarian, Rui Falacho, Djalma Nogueira Cortes, Alan J.M. Costa, Arthur R.G. Cortes

1.1 Definitions

1.1.1. Three-Dimensional Imaging

1.1.2. Coordinates and Planes

1.1.3. Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAD-CAM)

1.1.4. Mesh

1.1.5. Image-Guided Treatment

1.1.6. Image Superimposition/Alignment

1.1.7. Resolution

1.2 History of Digital Dentistry

1.3 In-house and Outsourced Digital Workflows

1.3.1. The Digital Dental Clinic

1.3.2. Impact of Digital Technologies in Dental Clinics

1.3.3. The Education of the Digital Dentist

1.3.4. Levels of Digitalization for the Dental Clinic

1.3.5. Types of Dental Clinics and Business Models

1.3.6. Financial Aspects of Digital Dental Clinics

1.3.7. How to Calculate the Return on Investment (ROI)

1.3.8. Advantages of Digital Dentistry for Clinics

1.3.9. Workflow in a Digitalized Dental Clinic

1.4. Current Knowledge and Perspectives in Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry

Chapter 2 Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
Contributors: Jun Ho Kim, Alan J.M. Costa, Jose Lincoln de Queiros Jr, Juliana No Cortes, Danielle A. Nishimura, Shumei Murakami, Reinaldo Abdala-Junior, Daniel Machado, Claudio Costa, Otavio H. Pinhata-Baptista, Shaban Burgoa, Andrea Son, Lucas R. Pinheiro, Danilo M. Bianchi, Allan R. Alcantara, Arthur R.G. Cortes

2.1 Digital Imaging Methods

2.1.1. Cone Beam Computed Tomography

2.1.2. Intraoral Scanner

2.1.3. Desktop Scanner

2.1.4. Facial Scanner

2.1.5. Clinical Photographs

2.1.6. Magnetic Resonance Imaging

2.2. Software Manipulation

2.2.1. Types of Software Used in CAD

2.2.2. Types of Files Used

2.2.3. Combining Data: The Virtual Patient

Chapter 3 Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM)
Contributors: Mayra T. Vasques, Gabriel S. Urbano, Ivan O. Gialain, Jacqueline F. Lima, Fabio Andretti, Ricardo N. Kimura, Danilo M. Bianchi, Dionir Ventura, Fabricio L. Gebrin, Adriano R. Campos, Arthur R.G. Cortes

3.1. Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)

3.1.1. Basic Knowledge

3.1.2. Step-by-Step Procedure

3.2. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

3.2.1. Basic Knowledge

3.2.2. Step-by-Step Procedure

3.3. Stereolithography (SLA)

3.3.1. Basic Knowledge

3.3.2. Step-by-Step Procedure

3.4. Digital Light Processing (DLP)

3.4.1. Basic Knowledge

3.4.2. Step-by-Step Procedure

3.5. Milling

3.5.1. Basic Knowledge

3.5.2. Step-by-Step Procedure

Part 2 Clinical Applications of Digital Dentistry

Chapter 4 Digital Workflow in Prosthodontics/Restorative Dentistry
Contributors: Jose Lincoln de Queiros Jr, Thiago Ottoboni, Gabriel S. Urbano, Danilo M. Bianchi, Renato Sartori, Juliana No Cortes, Jacqueline F. Lima, Roberto A. Markarian, Alan J.M. Costa, Shaban Burgoa, Charles Melo, Newton Sesma, Eric Kukucka, Alexandre D. Teixeira-Neto, Guilherme Saavedra, Diogo Viegas, Andrea Son, Maria L. Gainza-Cirauqui, Arthur R.G. Cortes

4.1. Clinical Procedures for Intraoral Scanning

4.1.1. Teeth Preparations

4.1.2. Implant Scanbodies

4.2. Setting Up the Virtual Patient

4.2.1. Importing Intraoral Scans to the CAD Software

4.2.2. The Virtual Articulator

4.2.3. Esthetic Analyses and Digital Smile Design

4.2.4. Dynamic Smile Analysis

4.3. Digital Workflow for Restorations/Prostheses

4.3.1. Single Crowns

4.3.2. Splinted Crowns and Fixed Bridges

4.3.3. Laminate Veneers

4.3.4. Inlay and Onlay Restorations

4.3.5. Digitally Guided Direct Resin Composite Restorations

4.3.6. Digital Complete Dentures

4.3.7. Complete-Arch Implant-Supported Prostheses

4.4. Three-Dimensional Printing in Prosthodontics

4.4.1. 3D-Printed Resin Restorations

4.4.2. 3D-Printed Dental Casts

Chapter 5 Digital Workflow in Periodontology
Contributors: Ana P. Ayres, Alexandre D. Teixeira-Neto, Arthur R.G. Cortes

5.1. Periodontal Surgical Planning

5.2 CAD-CAM Surgical Guides for Clinical Crown Lengthening

5.2.1. Planning for Periodontal Surgical Guide Manufacturing

5.3. Image-Guided Periodontal Surgery

5.4. Surgical Guide for Soft Tissue Graft

5.5. Research Evidence

Chapter 6 Digital Workflow in Implant Dentistry
Contributors: Otavio H. Pinhata-Baptista, Roberto A. Markarian, Shaban Burgoa, Alan J.M. Costa, Jesus T. Garcia-Denche, Baoluo Xing, Oscar I. Velazquez, Arthur R.G. Cortes

6.1. The Concept of Prosthetically Driven Surgical Planning

6.2. Static Image-Guided Implant Surgery

6.2.1. Dual CBCT Scanning Technique

6.2.2. Using Combined CBCT and Intraoral Scans

6.2.3. Full-Arch Implant Rehabilitations

6.2.4. Zygomatic Implants

6.3. Dynamic Guided Implant Surgery

6.4. Bone Graft Volumetric Planning

6.4.1. Socket Preservation

6.4.2. Sinus Lifting

6.4.3. Onlay Bone Grafts

Chapter 7 Digital Workflow in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Contributors: Daniel Negrelle, Alexandre M. Borba, Shaban Burgoa, Luiz F. Palma, Arthur R.G. Cortes

7.1. Image-Guided Surgical Removal of Impacted Teeth

7.2. Surgical Planning of Orthognathic Surgeries

7.2.1. Virtual Skull Construction

7.2.2. Virtual Planning: Bone Movements

7.2.3. Surgical Splint Creation

7.2.4. Comparison of Results from Virtual Planning

7.3. Surgical Guides: Types and Classification

7.4. Virtual Planning of Trauma Surgeries

Chapter 8 Digital Workflow in Endodontics
Contributors: Daniel Kier, Lucas R. Pinheiro, Maria Clara R. Pinheiro, Arthur R.G. Cortes

8.1. Digital Imaging in Endodontics

8.1.1. Recommendations for Endodontic Imaging

8.2. Electronic Apex Location

8.2.1. Step-by-Step Procedure for Using an EAL

8.3. Use of the Dental Operating Microscope in Endodontics

8.4. CAD-CAM Guided Endodontics

8.4.1. Indications and Advantages

8.4.2. Step-by-Step Procedure to Perform CAD-CAM Guided Endodontics

Chapter 9 Digital Workflow in Orthodontics
Contributors: Guilherme S. Nakagawa, Juliana No Cortes, Adriano G.B. de Castro, Fernando Barriviera, Mauricio Barriviera, Arthur R.G. Cortes

9.1. CAD-CAM Guides for Orthodontic Brackets

9.2. CAD-CAM Guides for Orthodontic Miniscrews

9.2.1. Technique

9.2.2. Discussion

9.3. Orthodontic Aligners

Chapter 10 Digital Workflow in Dental Public Health, Preventive Dentistry, and Education
Contributors: Anne-Marie Agius, Nikolai J. Attard, Gabriella Gatt, Arthur R.G. Cortes

10.1 Digital Dentistry in Public Health

10.1.1. The Role of Teledentistry

10.1.2. The Expected Role of CAD-CAM in Public Health

10.2. Digital Workflow in Preventive Dentistry

10.3. Digital Dentistry in Dental Education

Part 3 Case Atlas

Chapter 11 Multidisciplinary Clinical Cases
Contributors: Alan J.M. Costa, Alexandre D. Teixeira-Neto, Jun Ho Kim, Allan R. Alcantara, Daniel Machado, Gustavo Giordani, Marcelo Giordani, Florin Cofar, Jose Lincoln de Queiros Jr, Luis E. Calicchio, Djalma N. Cortes, Arthur R.G. Cortes, Guilherme Barrella, Fabio Cabral, Guilherme S. Nakagawa, Richard Leesungbok, Hossam Dawa, Daniel No

Case Report 11.1 Laminate Veneers with Guided Preparations Following Image-Guided Crown-Lengthening

Case Report 11.2 Digital Workflow for Cosmetic Dentistry

Case Report 11.3 Digital Workflow in the Esthetic Area to Correct Gingival Discrepancies

Case Report 11.4 Digital Workflow for Crown Lengthening and Laminate Veneers Using the Virtual Articulator

Case Report 11.5 Be Better and Faster! That's My Goal with Digital Dentistry

Case Report 11.6 Conservative Approach with Digital Workflow for Anterior Crowns in the Esthetic Area

Case Report 11.7 Extensive Esthetic Rehabilitation with Digital Workflow Increasing the Vertical Dimension

Case Report 11.8 Top-Down/Restoration-Driven Implant Treatment with Digital Workflow

Case Report 11.9 Digital Workflow for Esthetic Rehabilitation Involving Orthodontic Aligners

Case Report 11.10 Predictable Digital Workflow for Rehabilitation with Laminate Veneers

Case Report 11.11 Digital Workflow for a Posterior Onlay Restoration Using the Rubber Dam

Case Report 11.12 Digital Workflow for an Onlay Restoration in the Esthetic Area

Index