Diagnostic Imaging: Musculoskeletal Non-Traumatic Disease

Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR is Professor of Radiology at University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health (UW). Dr. Davis has a special interest in interventional musculoskeletal procedures, such as vertebroplasty, radiofrequency ablation, cryoablation, and spine injections. He also carries expertise in extremity and spine hardware and sports medicine imaging, particularly the hip and knee. Dr. Davis is co-lead author from the 3e of Diagnostic Imaging: Musculoskeletal Trauma. Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, is Professor of Radiology, the medical director of outpatient radiology, and co-director of medical student radiology education at University of Wisconsin (UW). She serves on five UW Hospital and Clinics and Department of Radiology committees and six national committees. Blankenbaker is a co-lead author from the 3e of Diagnostic Imaging: Musculoskeletal Trauma.

SECTION 1: ARTHRITIS INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW 4 Introduction to Arthritis B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR

EROSIVE 10 Rheumatoid Arthritis of Axial Skeleton B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 16 Rheumatoid Arthritis of Shoulder and Elbow B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 22 Rheumatoid Arthritis of Wrist and Hand B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 28 Rheumatoid Arthritis of Hip B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 32 Rheumatoid Arthritis of Knee B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 36 Rheumatoid Arthritis of Ankle and Foot B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 40 Robust Rheumatoid Arthritis B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 41 Felty Syndrome B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 42 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 48 Adult Still Disease B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR

PRODUCTIVE 50 Osteoarthritis of Axial Skeleton B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 54 DISH B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 60 OPLL B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 64 Rapidly Progressive Osteoarthritis 66 Osteoarthritis of Shoulder and Elbow B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 70 Osteoarthritis of Wrist and Hand B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 74 Osteoarthritis of Hip B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 80 Osteoarthritis of Knee B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR MIXED EROSIVE AND PRODUCTIVE 86 Ankylosing Spondylitis B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR

92 Inflammatory Bowel Disease Arthritis B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 98 Psoriatic Arthritis B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 104 Chronic Reactive Arthritis B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR

DUE TO BIOCHEMICAL DISORDERS OR DEPOSITIONAL DISEASE

110 Gout Eva M. Escobedo, MD, B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR, and Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR 116 Pyrophosphate Arthropathy B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 122 Hydroxyapatite Deposition Disease B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 128 Amyloid Deposition B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 134 Hemochromatosis B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 135 Ochronosis B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 136 Wilson Disease B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 137 Oxalosis B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR

MISCELLANEOUS JOINT DISORDERS

138 Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis (PVNS) B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 144 Intraarticular Chondroma B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 148 Nodular Synovitis (Intraarticular) B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 152 Multicentric Reticulohistiocytosis B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 153 Synovial Vascular Malformation B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 154 Synovial Chondromatosis B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 160 Charcot (Neuropathic) B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 166 Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 172 Complex Regional Pain Syndr B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR

SECTION 2: OSSEOUS TUMORS AND TUMOR-LIKE CONDITIONS INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW

180 Bone Tumors: Diagnosis, Staging, and Biopsy B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 188 Bone Tumors: Treatment Options and Follow-Up B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR BONE-FORMING TUMORS 194 Enostosis (Bone Island) B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 198 Osteoma B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 204 Osteoid Osteoma B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 210 Osteoblastoma B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 216 Conventional Osteosarcoma B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 222 Parosteal Osteosarcoma B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 228 Periosteal Osteosarcoma B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 232 Telangiectatic Osteosarcoma B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 236 Low-Grade Central Osteosarcoma B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 240 High-Grade Surface Osteosarcoma B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 242 Secondary Osteosarcoma B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR CARTILAGE-FORMING TUMORS 246 Enchondroma B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 252 Osteochondroma B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 258 Multiple Hereditary Exostoses B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 264 Chondroblastoma B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 268 Chondromyxoid Fibroma B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 272 Periosteal Chondroma B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 278 Chondrosarcoma B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 284 Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 286 Periosteal Chondrosarcoma B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 288 Clear Cell Chondrosarcoma B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR

MARROW TUMORS 290 Plasmacytoma B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR and Chris Hanrahan, MD, PhD 296 Multiple Myeloma Chris Hanrahan, MD, PhD 302 POEMS B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 304 Ewing Sarcoma B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 310 Leukemia: Osseous Manifestations B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 314 Lymphoma of Bone B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 320 Metastases: Bone Marrow B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR OTHER OSSEOUS TUMORS 326 Desmoplastic Fibroma B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 330 Del_Liposclerosing Myxofibrous Tumor B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 332 Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma of Bone B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 336 Fibrosarcoma B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 338 Intraosseous Lipoma B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 342 Giant Cell Tumor B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 348 Adamantinoma B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 352 Hemangioma: Intraosseous B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 358 Epithelioid Hemangioma 362 Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma of Bone B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 364 Angiosarcoma: Osseous B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 368 Chordoma B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR TUMOR-LIKE CONDITIONS 372 Paget Disease B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 378 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 384 Fibrous Dysplasia B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 390 Osteofibrous Dysplasia B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 396 Simple Bone Cyst B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 402 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 408 Fibroxanthoma B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR

TUMORS BENIGN ADIPOCYTIC TUMORS 430 Lipoma: Soft Tissue Catherine C. Roberts, MD and B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 436 Lipomatosis Catherine C. Roberts, MD 442 Lipomatosis: Nerve Catherine C. Roberts, MD and B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 446 Macrodystrophia Lipomatosa Catherine C. Roberts, MD 450 Lipoma Arborescens: Knee Catherine C. Roberts, MD and B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 454 Lipoblastoma/Lipoblastomatosis Catherine C. Roberts, MD 456 Hibernoma Catherine C. Roberts, MD 460 Parosteal Lipoma Catherine C. Roberts, MD and B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR INTERMEDIATE ADIPOCYTIC TUMORS 464 Atypical Lipomatous Tumor/Well-Differentiated Liposarcoma Catherine C. Roberts, MD MALIGNANT ADIPOCYTIC TUMORS 468 Myxoid Liposarcoma Catherine C. Roberts, MD and B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 472 Pleomorphic Liposarcoma Catherine C. Roberts, MD 473 Dedifferentiated Liposarcoma Catherine C. Roberts, MD FIBROBLASTIC/MYOFIBROBLASTIC TUMORS BENIGN FIBROUS TUMORS 474 Nodular and Proliferative Fasciitis Catherine C. Roberts, MD

475 Bizarre Parosteal Osteochondromatous Proliferation Catherine C. Roberts, MD 476 Elastofibroma Catherine C. Roberts, MD 480 Fibrous Hamartoma of Infancy Catherine C. Roberts, MD 481 Myofibroma/Myofibromatosis Catherine C. Roberts, MD 482 Fibromatosis Colli Catherine C. Roberts, MD 483 Juvenile Hyaline Fibromatosis Catherine C. Roberts, MD 484 Fibroma of Tendon Sheath Catherine C. Roberts, MD 488 Desmoplastic Fibroblastoma Catherine C. Roberts, MD 490 Calcifying Aponeurotic Fibroma Catherine C. Roberts, MD 492 Myositis Ossificans/Heterotopic Ossification B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR INTERMEDIATE (LOCALLY AGGRESSIVE) FIBROUS TUMORS 498 Superficial Fibromatoses Catherine C. Roberts, MD 502 Desmoid-Type Fibromatosis Catherine C. Roberts, MD and B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR INTERMEDIATE (RARELY METASTASIZING) FIBROHISTIOCYTIC TUMORS 508 Solitary Fibrous Tumor and Hemangiopericytoma Catherine C. Roberts, MD and B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 514 Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor Catherine C. Roberts, MD 518 Infantile Fibrosarcoma Catherine C. Roberts, MD MALIGNANT FIBROUS TUMORS 520 Fibrosarcoma: Soft Tissue Catherine C. Roberts, MD 524 Myxofibrosarcoma Catherine C. Roberts, MD 528 Low-Grade Fibromyxoid Sarcoma Catherine C. Roberts, MD 530 Sclerosing Epithelioid Fibrosarcoma Catherine C. Roberts, MD 534 Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans Catherine C. Roberts, MD SO-CALLED FIBROHISTIOCYTIC TUMORS BENIGN FIBROHISTIOCYTIC TUMORS 538 Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor, Extraarticular Catherine C. Roberts, MD and B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR

544 Diffuse-Type Giant Cell Tumor (Extraarticular PVNS) Catherine C. Roberts, MD 546 Deep Benign Fibrous Histiocytoma Catherine C. Roberts, MD MALIGNANT FIBROHISTIOCYTIC TUMORS 548 Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma With Prominent Inflammation Catherine C. Roberts, MD SMOOTH MUSCLE TUMORS SMOOTH MUSCLE TUMORS, BENIGN 550 Leiomyoma: Superficial and Deep Catherine C. Roberts, MD SMOOTH MUSCLE TUMORS, MALIGNANT 554 Leiomyosarcoma Catherine C. Roberts, MD and B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR PERICYTIC (PERIVASCULAR) TUMORS 560 Glomus Tumor Catherine C. Roberts, MD 564 Angioleiomyoma Catherine C. Roberts, MD SKELETAL MUSCLE TUMORS SKELETAL MUSCLE TUMORS, BENIGN 566 Rhabdomyoma Catherine C. Roberts, MD SKELETAL MUSCLE TUMORS, MALIGNANT 568 Rhabdomyosarcoma Catherine C. Roberts, MD VASCULAR AND LYMPHATIC TUMORS BENIGN VASCULAR TUMORS 574 Vascular Malformations Catherine C. Roberts, MD and B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 580 Hemangioma 584 Angiomatosis Catherine C. Roberts, MD 586 Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber Syndrome Catherine C. Roberts, MD 590 Lymphangioma Catherine C. Roberts, MD INTERMEDIATE (RARELY METASTASIZING) VASCULAR TUMORS 594 Kaposi Sarcoma Catherine C. Roberts, MD 598 Hemangioendothelioma: Soft Tissue Catherine C. Roberts, MD

MALIGNANT VASCULAR TUMORS 600 Angiosarcoma: Soft Tissue B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR CHONDROOSSEOUS TUMORS 604 Chondroma: Soft Tissue Catherine C. Roberts, MD 606 Extraskeletal Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma Catherine C. Roberts, MD 608 Extraskeletal Osteosarcoma Catherine C. Roberts, MD TUMORS OF UNCERTAIN DIFFERENTIATION BENIGN TUMORS OF UNCERTAIN DIFFERENTIATION 612 Phosphaturic Mesenchymal Tumor 614 Myxoma B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR INTERMEDIATE TUMORS (RARELY METASTASIZING) OF UNCERTAIN DIFFERENTIATION 620 Angiomatoid Fibrous Histiocytoma 622 Ossifying Fibromyxoid Tumor Catherine C. Roberts, MD MALIGNANT TUMORS OF UNCERTAIN DIFFERENTIATION 624 Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma Catherine C. Roberts, MD and B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 628 Synovial Sarcoma Stephanie Bernard, MD, Catherine C. Roberts, MD, and Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR 634 Epithelioid Sarcoma Catherine C. Roberts, MD 638 Extraskeletal Myxoid Chondrosarcoma Catherine C. Roberts, MD and B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 642 PNET/Extraskeletal Ewing Sarcoma Catherine C. Roberts, MD PERIPHERAL NERVE SHEATH TUMORS NONNEOPLASTIC 644 Morton Neuroma Catherine C. Roberts, MD 648 Traumatic Neuroma Catherine C. Roberts, MD NEUROFIBROMA 650 Neurofibroma Catherine C. Roberts, MD and B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR

SCHWANNOMA 656 Schwannoma Catherine C. Roberts, MD and B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR MALIGNANT PERIPHERAL NERVE SHEATH TUMOR 662 Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor Catherine C. Roberts, MD SKIN AND SUBCUTANEOUS LESIONS 666 Epidermoid/Epidermal Inclusion Cyst Catherine C. Roberts, MD 668 Rheumatoid Nodule Catherine C. Roberts, MD 672 Metastases: Soft Tissue Catherine C. Roberts, MD 676 Melanoma Catherine C. Roberts, MD SOFT TISSUE TUMOR MIMICS 682 Soft Tissue Tumor Mimics: Infection/Inflammation Catherine C. Roberts, MD 686 Soft Tissue Tumor Mimics: Vascular Catherine C. Roberts, MD 690 Soft Tissue Tumor Mimics: Crystal Disease Catherine C. Roberts, MD 694 Soft Tissue Tumor Mimics: Other Catherine C. Roberts, MD 700 Xanthoma Catherine C. Roberts, MD SECTION 4: CONGENITAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES GENERAL 706 Arthrogryposis B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 707 Amniotic Band Syndrome B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 708 Cerebral Palsy B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 709 Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 710 Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 711 Muscular Dystrophy B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 712 Neurofibromatosis B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 718 Osteogenesis Imperfecta B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 724 Turner Syndrome B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR UPPER EXTREMITY 725 Glenoid Hypoplasia B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR

726 Madelung Deformity B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 730 Ulnar Variance B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR LOWER EXTREMITY 734 Developmental Dysplasia of Hip B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 740 Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 746 Proximal Femoral Focal Deficiency B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 750 Osgood-Schlatter Disease B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 751 Sinding-Larsen-Johansson Disease B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 752 Blount Disease B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 754 Pes Planus (Flatfoot) B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 760 Club Foot (Talipes Equinovarus) B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 764 Congenital Vertical Talus (Rocker-Bottom Foot) B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 765 Pes Cavus B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 766 Tarsal Coalition B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR SECTION 5: DYSPLASIAS SKELETAL DYSPLASIA DWARFISM DYSPLASIA 774 Introduction to Dwarfing Dysplasias Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA 778 Achondroplasia Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA 782 Pseudoachondroplasia Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA 783 Achondrogenesis Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA 784 Thanatophoric Dwarfism Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA 786 Asphyxiating Thoracic Dystrophy of Jeune Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA 787 Chondroectodermal Dysplasia (Ellis-van Creveld) Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA 788 Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA 792 Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA NONDWARFING DYSPLASIAS 796 Ollier Disease Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA 800 Maffucci Syndrome Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA

801 Chondrodysplasia Punctata Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA 802 Cleidocranial Dysplasia Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA 803 Caffey Disease Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA 804 Fong Disease (Nail Patella Syndrome) Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA SCLEROSING DYSPLASIAS 806 Melorheostosis Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA and B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 810 Progressive Diaphyseal Dysplasia Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA 814 Osteopetrosis Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA 820 Pycnodysostosis Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA 824 Osteitis Condensans Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA 826 Osteitis Pubis: Non-Traumatic Origin Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA 828 Intramedullary Osteosclerosis Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA and B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 829 Other Sclerosing Conditions of Bone Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA SECTION 6: SYSTEMIC DISEASES WITH MSK INVOLVEMENT GENERAL 832 Complications of Paraplegia Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR and B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 836 Acroosteolysis B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 840 Sickle Cell Anemia B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 846 Thalassemia B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 852 Myelofibrosis Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR, B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR, and Stephanie Bernard, MD 856 Hemophilia B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 862 Diabetes B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 868 HIV/AIDS B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 874 Sarcoidosis: Bone Sandra Moore, MD 878 Sarcoidosis: Muscle Sandra Moore, MD 880 Sarcoidosis: Joint Sandra Moore, MD 881 Sarcoidosis: Soft Tissue Sandra Moore, MD

882 Mastocytosis B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 884 Tuberous Sclerosis B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR STORAGE DISORDERS 888 Gaucher Disease B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 892 Mucopolysaccharidoses B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISORDERS 894 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 898 Systemic Sclerosis B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 902 Inflammatory Myopathy B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 908 Overlap Syndrome/Mixed Connective Tissue Disease B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 909 Homocystinuria B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 910 Marfan and Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 912 Erdheim-Chester Disease B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR SOFT TISSUE DISORDERS 914 Denervation Hypertrophy Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA VASCULAR 916 Embolic Disease B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 917 Meningococcemia B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR SECTION 7: ORTHOPEDIC IMPLANTS OR ARTHRODESIS ARTHROPLASTIES AND ARTHRODESIS 920 Introduction to Arthroplasties B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 928 Hip Implant B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 934 Revision Arthroplasty B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 938 Knee Implant B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 944 Shoulder Implant B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 948 Elbow Implant B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 950 Ankle Implant B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 952 Ankle Arthrodesis Julia R. Crim, MD

954 Small Joint Implants and Arthrodesis: Hand and Toes B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR INTERNAL FIXATION 960 Hallux Valgus Corrections Julia R. Crim, MD 962 Intramedullary Nail/Rod Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR and Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA 966 Plate Fixation Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR and Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA 970 Screw Fixation Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR and Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA 976 Cement and Bone Fillers Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA 982 Wire/Cerclage/Cable Fixation Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA 983 Anchoring Devices Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA SECTION 8: INFECTION OSTEOMYELITIS 986 Acute Osteomyelitis: Child Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA 990 Acute Osteomyelitis: Adult B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 996 Spinal Infections Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA 1002 Chronic Osteomyelitis Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA SOFT TISSUE AND JOINTS 1006 Septic Arthritis B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 1012 Infectious Tenosynovitis B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 1013 Infectious Bursitis B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 1014 Soft Tissue Infection B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 1018 Necrotizing Fasciitis B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR SPECIFIC PATHOGENS 1020 Tuberculosis Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA 1026 Fungal Infection Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA 1027 Brucellosis B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 1028 Madura Foot Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA 1029 Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR

Syphilis B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 1032 Polio B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 1033 Parasitic Infection Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA CONDITIONS OF UNKNOWN ETIOLOGY 1034 SAPHO Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA 1035 Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR SECTION 9: BONE MARROW DISTRIBUTION PATTERN 1038 Marrow Distribution: Normal Sandra Moore, MD 1042 Increased or Decreased Marrow Cellularity Sandra Moore, MD 1048 Diffuse Marrow Infiltration and Replacement Sandra Moore, MD and B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 1054 Focal Marrow Infiltration and Replacement Sandra Moore, MD SECTION 10: BONE MARROW EDEMA AND NECROSIS BONE MARROW EDEMA 1060 Transient Bone Marrow Edema and Regional Migratory Osteoporosis Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA OSTEONECROSIS INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW 1062 Introduction to Osteonecrosis Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA 1066 Bone Infarct B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 1070 Osteonecrosis of Hip Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA and B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 1076 Osteonecrosis of Shoulder Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA 1077 Osteonecrosis of Knee Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA 1078 Osteonecrosis of Wrist Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA and B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 1082 Osteonecrosis of Ankle and Foot Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA and B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 1086 Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease Brady K. Huang, MD, B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR, and Stephanie Bernard, MD

SECTION 11: METABOLIC BONE DISEASE INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW 1094 Introduction to Metabolic Bone Disease Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA DISEASES OF CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS 1100 Hyperparathyroidism Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA 1106 Osteomalacia and Rickets Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA 1110 Renal Osteodystrophy Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA and B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 1116 Dialysis-Related Disease, Metastatic Calcification Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA 1117 Dialysis-Related Disease, Spondyloarthropathy Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA 1118 Hypoparathyroidism, Pseudo- and Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA OSTEOPOROSIS 1120 Primary Osteoporosis Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA 1124 Disuse Osteoporosis Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA 1125 Idiopathic Juvenile Osteoporosis Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA 1126 Anorexia Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR and B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 1127 Osteoporosis: Other Causes Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA PITUITARY DISORDERS 1128 Pituitary Disorders: Acromegaly and Growth Hormone Deficiency Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA THYROID DISEASE 1130 Hypothyroidism and Cretinism Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA 1132 Hyperthyroidism Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA 1133 Thyroid Acropachy Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA MISCELLANEOUS METABOLIC CONDITIONS 1134 Hypophosphatasia Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA 1136 Cushing Syndrome Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA 1137 Tumoral (Idiopathic) Calcinosis Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR and Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA

SECTION 12: DRUG-INDUCED AND NUTRITIONAL MSK CONDITIONS DRUG-INDUCED EMBRYOPATHY 1140 Medications 1144 Warfarin (Coumadin): Complications B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 1145 Alcohol B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR DRUG-INDUCED CONDITIONS 1146 Substance Abuse 1150 Anticonvulsants 1154 Corticosteroids B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 1155 Bisphosphonates Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA and B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 1156 Prostaglandins 1157 Hypervitaminosis A and Retinoids B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 1158 Vitamin D B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 1159 Retinoid-Associated Osteoarthritis B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 1160 Statins 1164 Metals and Minerals B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 1165 Fluoride: Complications B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 1166 Voriconazole B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR 1167 Quinolones B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY 1168 Scurvy B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR