Pathology at a Glance

Barry Newell, consultant histopathologist, St George's Hospital, London

Asma Z. Faruqi, consultant histocytopathologist, Barts Health NHS Trust

Caroline Finlayson, erstwhile consultant histopathologist, St George's Hospital, London

Preface 8

Abbreviations 9

Introduction

1 The normal human cell 14

2 Fluid dynamics 18

Tissue damage

3 Tissue types and the effect of tissue damage 22

4 Cell death 26

5 Harmful agents in the environment 28

6 The effects of tobacco, alcohol and other drugs 32

7 Nutritional disorders 36

Inflammation and immunity

8 The body's natural defences 40

9 B cells and immunoglobulins 44

10 T cells and the TCR 46

11 The major histocompatibility complex 50

12 Primary and secondary lymphoid organs and the monocyte-macrophage (reticuloendothelial) system 52

13 Acute inflammation 56

14 Chronic inflammation 60

15 Wound healing and repair 62

16 Infection and immunodeficiency 64

17 Shock 68

18 Tolerance and autoimmune disease 72

19 Hypersensitivity reactions 76

20 Overview of inflammation and immunity 80

Genetics

21 Cell division 84

22 Genetic disease 86

Neoplasia

23 Disordered cell growth 92

24 Basic concepts in neoplasia 96

25 Tumorigenesis and oncogenesis 100

26 Oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes 102

27 Common carcinoma histological subtypes 106

28 Tumour prognosis and treatment 108

Methods in histocytopathology

29 Basic techniques in histopathology 112

30 Cytopathology 116

31 Molecular pathology 118

Multisystems disease

32 Sarcoidosis and syphilis 122

33 Wilson's disease and haemochromatosis 124

34 Systemic vasculitis 126

Cardiovascular disease

35 Normal blood vessels and types of aneurysm 130

36 Congenital heart disease 134

37 Systemic hypertension 136

38 Atherosclerosis 138

39 Coronary heart disease 142

40 Thrombosis 146

41 Embolism and disseminated intravascular coagulation 150

42 Cardiac valvular disease 154

43 Myocardial and pericardial disease 156

Respiratory disease

44 Pulmonary vascular disorders 160

45 Pneumonia 162

46 Bronchiectasis 164

47 Tuberculosis 166

48 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 170

49 Fibrosing alveolitis 172

50 Primary lung carcinoma 174

51 Other tumours of the lung and pleura 176

Gastrointestinal tract disease

52 Malabsorption 180

53 Peptic ulceration and Helicobacter pylori 184

54 Oesophageal disease 188

55 Tumours of the stomach and small intestine 192

56 Mechanical disease of the gastrointestinal tract 196

57 Inflammatory bowel disease: ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease 198

58 Colorectal polyps, colorectal cancer and anal carcinoma 202

Hepatic and pancreaticobiliary disease

59 Normal liver and the effects of liver damage 208

60 Jaundice, gallstones and carcinoma of the gallbladder 210

61 Fatty liver disease: alcoholic and non-alcoholic 212

62 Autoimmune liver disease: AIH, PBC, PSC 216

63 Viral hepatitis 220

64 Cirrhosis 224

65 Acute and chronic pancreatitis 228

66 Tumours of the liver, biliary tree and pancreas 232

Genitourinary tract disease

67 Congenital and inherited abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract 236

68 The nephron and renal aspects of hypertension 240

69 Glomerulonephritis 242

70 Important types of glomerulonephritis 244

71 Tubulointerstitial diseases 248

72 Renal neoplasms 252

73 Bladder tumours 254

74 Testicular cancer 256

75 Prostatic disease 258

Gynaecological and obstetric disease

76 Vulval and vaginal pathology 262

77 Cervical cancer 266

78 Benign uterine conditions 270

79 Uterine malignancies 272

80 Ovarian neoplasia: part one 274

81 Ovarian neoplasia: part two 278

82 Obstetric pathology 280

83 Paediatric tumours 284

Nervous system disease

84 Cerebrovascular accidents 288

85 Cerebrovascular accident syndromes 290

86 Raised intracranial pressure 292

87 Traumatic injury and intracranial haemorrhage 294

88 Central nervous system tumours 296

89 Infections of the nervous system 298

90 Movement disorders 300

91 Acquired disorders of myelination 304

92 Dementia 306

Endocrine disease

93 Pituitary pathology 310

94 Non-neoplastic pathology of the thyroid 312

95 Thyroid neoplasms 314

96 Parathyroid gland pathology 316

97 Adrenal pathology 318

98 Diabetes mellitus 320

Head and neck pathology

99 Head and neck pathology 324

Lymphoreticular disease

100 Assorted haematological conditions 328

101 Leukaemia 330

102 Lymphoma 332

103 Myeloma 336

104 Myeloproliferative disorders 338

Musculoskeletal disease

105 Muscle disorders 342

106 Arthritis 344

107 Miscellaneous non-neoplastic osteoarticular pathology 348

108 Bone tumours 352

Skin disease

109 Inflammatory dermatoses 356

110 Benign skin tumours 358

111 Malignant skin tumours 360

Breast disease

112 Benign breast disease 364

113 Breast carcinoma 366

Case studies and questions 368

Answers 373

Glossary 378

Reference ranges 380

Index 381