The Application of Content Analysis in Nursing Science Research

Helvi Kyngäs is a professor of Nursing Science in the University of Oulu, Finland. She has national and international education and research experience. Her research is mostly focused on adherence to health regimens by patients with chronic disease and effective intervention to improve adherence. She has done extensive qualitative and quantitative research and is well known for an article on content analysis with more than 10 000 citations. She is a popular invited guest lecturer in many countries, giving lectures on nursing theory and theory development. She has been a keynote speaker in many nursing science and multidisciplinary research conferences. Her research has been funded by the Academy of Finland and many other well-known foundations. 
Kristina Mikkonen is a Doctor of Health Sciences from the University of Oulu, Finland. Her competence in research relates to the clinical learning environment and mentoring of healthcare students with a special focus on cultural and linguistic diversity. She coordinates major national and international research projects which address health and social care educators' competence development; enhancement of mentors' competence in nursing education; and the implementation of a digital health module for higher education in health sciences. Mikkonen has an extensive background in multicultural education and has obtained international working experience as a registered nurse, university teacher and researcher, which she believes give her special opportunities to integrate cultural and linguistic diversity in her professional conduct. 
Maria Kääriäinen is a professor of nursing science from the University of Oulu, Finland, and the head of the Doctoral programme in Health Sciences. She is also a consultant in Northern Ostrobothnia Hospital District with a continual link within clinical nursing to improve evidence-based nursing and lead and carry out research projects there. She is a Certified Reviewer of the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). Her research areas are health promotive counselling and competency-based education. She has diverse methodological expertise including randomized control trials, systematic reviews with meta-analysis, cross-sectional surveys, qualitative research, and instrument and theory development.

PART I. CONTENT ANALYSIS.- 1. Qualitative research and content analysis.- 2. Inductive content analysis.- 3. Deductive content analysis.- 4. Content analysis in mixed methods research.- 5. The trustworthiness of content analysis.- 6. Qualitative research - ethical considerations.- PART II. INTEGRATING CONTENT ANALYSIS INTO THEORY DEVELOPMENT.- 7.Theory development from the results of content analysis.- 8. Instrument development based on content analysis.- 9. Statistical testing of a theory.- 10. Content analysis in systematic review