Clinical Simulation for Healthcare Professionals

Audrey L. Zapletal, OTD, OTR/L, CLA is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Occupational Therapy in the College of Rehabilitation Sciences at Thomas Jefferson University. She serves as the Director for the Master of Science in Occupational Therapy Program at the East Falls campus. She received her bachelor’s degree in Occupational Therapy from Boston University’s Sargent College, her master’s degree from Thomas Jefferson University, and her occupational therapy doctorate from the University of Southern California’s Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy. Her clinical experiences vary from pediatric private practice, early intervention, and intensive care nurseries/homes to adult-based medical settings. Her teaching experiences include foundational course work such as neuroanatomy to pediatric and adult interventions courses, program development, and leadership. She received the Fred and Sadye Abrams Award for Excellence in Laboratory Teaching from Thomas Jefferson University. Her current research interests include the use of simulation in health professional education, interprofessional education, and cultural compatibility professional development training for faculty, staff, administrators, and students. She has written publications and presentations focused on best practice in andragogy, including instructional design, and on the use of simulation in occupational therapy education at national and international venues. Joanne M. Baird, PhD, OTR/L, CHSE, FAOTA is an Associate Professor in the Department of Occupational Therapy at the University of Pittsburgh. She received her bachelor’s degree in Occupational Therapy from the University of Pittsburgh, her master’s degree in Occupational Therapy from the University of Southern California, and returned to the University of Pittsburgh to receive her doctorate in Rehabilitation Science. Her clinical background includes extensive experience with the mental health and pediatric and geriatric populations across the health care continuum in a variety of national and regional sites. Dr. Baird is a Fellow with the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA) and has received numerous teaching awards. She is a certified health care simulation educator, and her research interests include experiential learning and the use of simulation to promote clinical reasoning in graduate education. She developed the simulation curricula for entry-level and post-professional clinical education in occupational therapy at the University of Pittsburgh, serves as a simulation consultant for prelicensure rehabilitation programs, and is a nationally invited speaker for simulation education and development. She has examined the use of near-peer facilitation in occupational therapy graduate programs. Tracy Van Oss, DHSc, MPH, OTR/L, FAOTA, CHSE is a Clinical Professor in the Occupational Therapy Department at Quinnipiac University. Dr. Van Oss received a Doctor of Health Science degree from Nova Southeastern University, a master’s degree in Public Health and a Bachelor of Science degree in Corporate Communication from Southern Connecticut State University, and has a degree in Occupational Therapy from Quinnipiac University. Her credentials also include being a Community Health Education Specialist (CHES), and she has earned the AOTA Specialty Certification in Environmental Modification (SCEM). She received the AOTA International Service Award in 2020. She is a Certified Healthcare Simulation Educator (CHSE) and incorporates simulation and other experiential experiences into the occupational therapy curriculum. Dr. Van Oss is a Fellow with AOTA and has numerous publications and presentations. Maureen M. Hoppe, EdD, MA, OTR/L, CPAM, CHSE is an Associate Professor in the Occupational Therapy Department at the College of Saint Mary. She received her Bachelor of Science in Occupational Therapy at Creighton University, her master’s degree in Health Education from the University of Nebraska in Omaha, as well as her doctorate in Education with a focus in health professions at the College of Saint Mary. Dr. Hoppe also obtained a graduate certificate of specialization in gerontology from University of Nebraska Omaha. She has clinical experience in a variety of practice settings, including inpatient rehabilitation, outpatient, and skilled nursing facilities. Dr. Hoppe is a certified health care simulation educator with research interests in interprofessional education, clinical simulation, and experiential learning to enhance student learning and preparation for transition to practice. She has published and presented nationally and internationally on clinical simulation in health profession education and fieldwork preparation. Jean E. Prast, OTD, MSOT, OTRL, CHSE is an Associate Professor in the Occupational Therapy Program at Saginaw Valley State University. She received her bachelor’s and master’s degrees in Occupational Therapy from Saginaw Valley State University, and her doctorate in Occupational Therapy from Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions. She has clinical experience in a variety of settings, including inpatient acute care, outpatient, primary care, and community-based practice. Her specialty areas include neurology, program development, fieldwork education, simulation, and interprofessional education and practice. She is a certified health care simulation educator and currently serves as the Interprofessional Education Coordinator for the College of Health and Human Services. She is actively involved in the development and implementation of simulations and interprofessional education in the college, occupational therapy curriculum, and community. Her research interests include interprofessional education, simulation, and transformative learning to facilitate professional growth in preparation for practice. She has published and presented on the topic of interprofessional education and simulation at national and international levels. E. Adel Herge, OTD, OTR/L, FAOTA is Professor in the Department of Occupational Therapy at Thomas Jefferson University. She is Director of the BSMS Occupational Therapy Program on the Center City campus and Program Coordinator for the BS-OTD Program on the East Falls campus. Dr. Herge received her bachelor’s in Special Education/Elementary Education from Cabrini College, her certificate in Occupational Therapy and Master of Science in Occupational Therapy from Thomas Jefferson University, and her doctorate in Occupational Therapy from Chatham University. When the University Simulation Program was expanded to include health professions students, Dr. Herge served as Director of Health Professions Simulation and supported faculty as they developed, implemented, and evaluated simulation in graduate programs in occupational therapy, physical therapy, and radiological sciences for couples and families. She continues to integrate simulation in her course work with undergraduate and graduate students and serves as lead faculty for an interprofessional simulation program. Dr. Herge is a Fellow with AOTA.

DedicationNote About the Book About the Authors Contributing Authors Foreword by John M. O'Donnell, DrPH, MSN, RN, CRNA, CHSE, FSSH, FAANAIntroduction Chapter 1 Introduction to Simulation: Evidence Joanne M. Baird, PhD, OTR/L, CHSE, FAOTA andE. Adel Herge, OTD, OTR/L, FAOTA Section I Introduction to Kern's Model Kern's Model Step 1—Problem Identification and General Needs Assessment Chapter 2 Evidence for Linking Simulation Instructional Methods With Clinical Experiences E. Adel Herge, OTD, OTR/L, FAOTA; Leslie Cody, MS, OTR/L; andAudrey L. Zapletal, OTD, OTR/L, CLA Section II Kern's Model Step 2—Targeted Needs Assessment Chapter 3 Clinicians and Educators: A Partnership in Simulation Jean E. Prast, OTD, MSOT, OTRL, CHSE andJoanne M. Baird, PhD, OTR/L, CHSE, FAOTA Chapter 4 Creating Your Simulation: Where Do You Begin? Appreciative Inquiry Approach E. Adel Herge, OTD, OTR/L, FAOTA Section III Kern's Model Step 3—Goals and Objectives Chapter 5 How Does Learning Occur: Educational Theories to Support Simulation in Education and Training Maureen M. Hoppe, EdD, MA, OTR/L, CPAM, CHSE andTracy Van Oss, DHSc, MPH, OTR/L, FAOTA, CHSE Chapter 6 Developing Learning Objectives Jean E. Prast, OTD, MSOT, OTRL, CHSE andTracy Van Oss, DHSc, MPH, OTR/L, FAOTA, CHSE Chapter 7 Art and Science of Measurement: Assessment Development for Simulation Tracy Van Oss, DHSc, MPH, OTR/L, FAOTA, CHSE andE. Adel Herge, OTD, OTR/L, FAOTA Section IV Kern's Model Step 4—Educational Strategies Chapter 8 Simulation Modalities and Fidelity Joanne M. Baird, PhD, OTR/L, CHSE, FAOTA andMaureen M. Hoppe, EdD, MA, OTR/L, CPAM, CHSE Chapter 9 Virtual Learning in Simulation Jean E. Prast, OTD, MSOT, OTRL, CHSE andMaureen M. Hoppe, EdD, MA, OTR/L, CPAM, CHSE Chapter 10 Gamification and Gameful Simulation Victoria L. B. Grieve, PharmD Chapter 11 Simulation Design and the Impact on Student Stress Jennifer A. Merz, OTD, OTR/L; Pari Kumar, OTD, OTR/L; andAudrey L. Zapletal, OTD, OTR/L, CLA Section V Kern's Model Step 5—Implementation Chapter 12 Simulation on a Budget: Creative Solutions Jean E. Prast, OTD, MSOT, OTRL, CHSE andMaureen M. Hoppe, EdD, MA, OTR/L, CPAM, CHSE Chapter 13 Designing the Simulation Encounter Audrey L. Zapletal, OTD, OTR/L, CLA; Joanne M. Baird, PhD, OTR/L, CHSE, FAOTA;E. Adel Herge, OTD, OTR/L, FAOTA; andMaureen M. Hoppe, EdD, MA, OTR/L, CPAM, CHSE Part 1: Overview Part 2: Scenario Development and Implementation Part 3: Manikins and Task Trainers Part 4: Simulated Patients/Standardized Patients Part 5: Sample Scenario Using Standardized Patients Audrey L. Zapletal, OTD, OTR/L, CLA Part 6: Designing and Implementing Simulation Chapter 14 Recruit, Screen, and Train Standardized Patients Audrey L. Zapletal, OTD, OTR/L, CLA; Chalia Bellis, MS, OTR/L; andMadeleine Clements, MS, OTR/L Section VI Kern's Model Step 6—Evaluation and Feedback Chapter 15 Debriefing: Developing the Debriefing Session Joanne M. Baird, PhD, OTR/L, CHSE, FAOTA andTracy Van Oss, DHSc, MPH, OTR/L, FAOTA, CHSE Chapter 16 Simulation Program Evaluation Audrey L. Zapletal, OTD, OTR/L, CLA Chapter 17 Simulation and Research Tracy Van Oss, DHSc, MPH, OTR/L, FAOTA, CHSEAppendix A Initial Standardized Patient Encounter for Athletic Training Students Quinnipiac University, Susan Norkus, PhD, ATCAppendix B National League for Nursing Simulation Design Template National League for NursingAppendix C Physician Assistant Program Simulation Scenarios: Asthma Quinnipiac University, Dennis Brown, DrPH, MPH, PA-CAppendix D De Partment of Physician Assistant Studies Simulation Scenario: Chest Pain Angina Quinnipiac University, Dennis Brown, DrPH, MPH, PA-CAppendix E RxPedition: Gameful Simulation for Teaching Drug Development Victoria L. B. Grieve, PharmDAppendix F Pharmacy: Telephonic Standardized Patient Calls Victoria L. B. Grieve, PharmDAppendix G Standardized Patient Simulation for Mobility Training in the Intensive Care Unit University of Pittsburgh, Andrea L. Hergenroeder, PhD, PT andVictoria Hornyak, PT, DPTAppendix H Occupational Therapy in a Skilled Nursing Facility/Long-Term Care Virginia Commonwealth University, Carole Ivey, PhD, OTR/L, FAOTA andJaime Smiley, MS, OTR/LAppendix I Using Standardized Patients in the Occupational Therapy Curriculum Audrey L. Zapletal, OTD, OTR/L, CLA; Madeleine Clements, MS, OTR/L;Pari Kumar, OTD, OTR/L; Jennifer A. Merz, OTD, OTR/L; andChalia Bellis, MS, OTR/LFinancial Disclosures Index