Manual for Eye Examination and Diagnosis

Mark Leitman is Clinical Assistant Professor,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein School of Medicine.

Preface

Introduction to the eye team and their instruments

1. Medical history

Table 1 - Common chief complaints

Medical illness

Medications

Family history of eye disease

2. Measurement of vision and refraction

Visual acuity

Optics

Refraction

Contact lenses

Common problems

Refractive surgery

3. Neuro-ophthalmology

Table 2 - Extraocular muscles

Table 3 - Types of strabismus

Cranial nerves CN II p. , CN III p. , CN IV p. , CN V p. . CN VI p. ,

CN VII p. , CN VIII p.

Nystagmus

The pupil

Visual field testing

Color vision

Circulatory disturbances affecting vision

4. External structures

Lymph nodes

Lacrimal system

Table 4 - Common topical anti-infectives

Lids

Lashes

Phakomatoses

Anterior and posterior blepharitis

5. The orbit

Anatomy

Sinusitis

Exophthalmos

Enophthalmos

6. Slit lamp examination

Cornea

Corneal epithelial disease

Corneal endothelial disease

Corneal transplantation (keratoplasty)

Conjunctiva

Table 5 - Conjunctivitis

Sclera

7. Glaucoma

Anatomy and physiology

Medical treatment

Table 6 - Common glaucoma medications

Surgical treatment

8. Uvea

Anatomy

Melanoma

Uveitis

Table 7 - Common causes of an injected conjunctiva

Table 8 - Common anti-inflammatories

Table 9 - Topical anti-cholinergics

Table 10 - Common causes for uveitis

Open globe injury

Causes of uveitis

9. Cataracts

Anatomy

Surgical cataract extraction

10. Retina

Anatomy and testing

Optic disk changes

Retinal blood vessel disease

Diabetic retinopathy

Table 11 - Blood sugar levels

Retinal hemorrhages

Less common conditions

Age-related macular degeneration

Vitreous and floaters

Retinal holes, membranes, and detachments

Index, xxx