Preclinical MRI of the Kidney

Recommendations for Preclinical Renal MRI: A Comprehensive Open-Access Protocol Collection to Improve Training, Reproducibility, and Comparability of Studies.- Animal Models of Renal Pathophysiology and Disease.- Preparation and Monitoring of Small Animals in Renal MRI.- Reversible (Patho-)Physiologically Relevant Test Interventions: Rationale and Examples.- Preparation of Ex Vivo Rodent Phantoms for Developing, Testing, and Training MR Imaging of the Kidney and Other Organs.- Quantitative Assessment of Renal Perfusion and Oxygenation by Invasive Probes: Basic Concepts.- Ultrasound and Photoacoustic Imaging of the Kidney: Basic Concepts and Protocols.- Hardware Considerations for Preclinical Magnetic Resonance of the Kidney.- MRI Mapping of Renal T1: Basic Concept.- MRI Mapping of the Blood Oxygenation Sensitive Parameter T2* in the Kidney: Basic Concept.- Renal Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI) for Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC), Intra Voxel Incoherent Motion (IVIM), and Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI): Basic Concept.- Dynamic Contrast Enhancement (DCE)-MRI Derived Renal Perfusion and Filtration: Basic Concepts.- Non-Invasive Renal Perfusion Measurement Using Arterial Spin Labelling (ASL) MRI: Basic Concept.- Renal pH Imaging Using Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST)-MRI: Basic Concepts.- Sodium (23Na) MRI of the Kidney: Basic Concept.- Hyperpolarized Carbon (13C) MRI of the Kidneys: Basic Concepts.- Functional Imaging Using Fluorine (19F) MR Methods: Basic Concepts.- MR Elastography of the Abdomen: Basic Concepts.- Monitoring Renal Hemodynamics and Oxygenation by Invasive Probes: Experimental Protocol.- Essential Practical Steps for MRI of the Kidney in Experimental Research.- Assessment of Renal Volume with MRI: Experimental Protocol.- Experimental Protocols for MRI Mapping of Renal T1.- Experimental Protocols for MRI Mapping of the Blood Oxygenation Sensitive Parameters T2* and T2 in the Kidney.- Renal MRI Diffusion: Experimental Protocol.- Dynamic Contrast Enhanced (DCE)-MRI Derived Renal Perfusion and Filtration: Experimental Protocol.- Renal Blood Flow Using Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL)-MRI: Experimental Protocol and Principles.- Renal pH Mapping Using Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST)-MRI: Experimental Protocol.- Sodium (23Na) MRI of the Kidney: Experimental Protocol.- Hyperpolarized Carbon (13C) MRI of the Kidney: Experimental Protocol.- Fluorine (19F) MRI for Assessing Inflammatory Cells in the Kidney: Experimental Protocol.- Fluorine (19F) MRI to Measure Renal Oxygen Tension and Blood Volume: Experimental Protocol.- MR Elastography of the Abdomen: Experimental Protocols.- Subsegmentation of the Kidney in Experimental MR Images Using Morphology-Based Regions-of-Interest or Multiple-Layer Concentric Objects.- De-Noising for Improved Parametric MRIof the Kidney: Protocol for Non-Local Means Filtering.- Analysis Protocols for MRI Mapping of Renal T1.- Analysis Protocols for MRI Mapping of the Blood Oxygenation Sensitive Parameters T2* and T2 in the Kidney.- Analysis of Renal Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI) Using Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) and Intra Voxel Incoherent Motion (IVIM) Models.- Analysis Protocol for Dynamic Contrast Enhanced (DCE)-MRI of Renal Perfusion and Filtration.- Quantitative Analysis of Renal Perfusion by Arterial Spin Labeling.- Analysis Protocol for the Quantification of Renal pH Using Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST)-MRI.- Analysis Protocol for Renal Sodium (23Na) MR Imaging.- Analysis Methods for Hyperpolarized Carbon (13C) MRI of the Kidney.- Data Preparation Protocol for Low Signal-to-Noise Ratio Fluorine-19 MRI.