Minimally Invasive Aesthetic Procedures (eBook)

Foreword for Dermatoligist 6
Foreword for Plastic Surgeons 7
Preface 9
Contents 11
About the Author 19
Contributors 20
Part I: Peelings 29
1: Introduction: Classification of Peels 30
1.1 History/Background 30
1.2 Histological Outcome 30
1.3 Available Materials 31
1.4 Methods and Techniques 33
1.5 Clinical Outcome 34
1.6 Before and After (Figs. 1.12, 1.13, and 1.14) 37
1.7 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 38
References 39
2: Pearl Chapter: Basis of Photoaging and the Use of Chemical Peelings 41
2.1 Intrinsic Aging 41
2.1.1 Shortening of Telomeres 41
2.1.2 Free Radicals and Antioxidizing Ability 42
2.1.3 Cellular Senescence 42
2.2 Intrinsic Factors 42
2.2.1 Genetic Characteristics 42
2.2.2 Sexual Hormones 42
2.3 Extrinsic Aging 43
2.4 Extrinsic Factors 43
2.4.1 Air Pollution 43
2.4.2 Smoking 44
2.4.3 Ultraviolet Radiation and Photoaging 44
2.4.4 Receptor-Initiated Signaling Pathway 45
2.4.5 Mitochondrial Damage 45
2.4.6 DNA Damage 45
2.4.7 Arylhydrocarbon Receptor Signaling 46
2.4.8 Infrared Radiation 46
2.5 Conclusion 46
References 48
3: Tip Chapter: Peels for Ethnic Skin 52
3.1 History/Background 53
3.2 Genesis 53
3.3 Classification/Types 53
3.4 Available Materials 54
3.4.1 Glycolic Acid 54
3.4.2 Lactic Acid 55
3.4.3 Salicylic Acid 55
3.4.4 Tretinoin 56
3.4.5 Jessner’s Solution 56
3.4.6 Trichloroacetic Acid (TCA) 56
3.4.7 Other Agents 57
3.4.7.1 Thioglycolic Acid 57
3.4.7.2 Resorcin 57
3.4.7.3 Mandelic Acid 57
3.4.7.4 Pyruvic Acid 57
3.4.8 Salicylic-Mandelic Acid Combination 57
3.4.9 Medium Peelings 57
3.4.10 Fluor-hydroxy Pulse Peel 58
3.4.11 Deep Peelings 58
3.5 Phenol Peeling 58
3.5.1 Blepharopeeling 58
3.6 Before and After (Figs. 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3) 59
3.7 Side Effects, Complications, and How They May Be Handled/Managed 61
3.8 Conclusions/Findings 61
References 62
4: Blepharopeel 64
4.1 Materials 64
4.2 Methods and Techniques 65
4.2.1 The Prepeeling 65
4.2.2 The Peeling 66
4.3 Clinical Follow-Up 66
4.4 Before and After (Figs. 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 4.10 and 4.11) 68
4.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 69
Bibliography 71
5: Cook Peel (70% Glycolic Acid + 70% Trichloroacetic Acid) for the Face 72
5.1 Materials 72
5.2 Methods and Techniques 72
5.2.1 The Peeling Itself 73
5.3 Clinical Follow-Up 74
5.4 Before and After (Figs. 5.8, 5.9, 5.10, and 5.11) 76
5.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 77
References 78
6: Cook Peel (70% Glycolic Acid +40% Trichloroacetic Acid) for Extra-Facial Areas 79
6.1 Materials 79
6.2 Methods and Techniques 79
6.3 Clinical Follow-Up 81
6.4 Before and After (Figs. 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, and 6.10) 82
6.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 84
7: Fluor-Hydroxy Pulse Peel for Face 85
7.1 Materials [1–5] 85
7.1.1 Reagents 85
7.1.2 Equipment (Fig. 7.1) 85
7.2 Methods and Techniques 85
7.2.1 Patient Selection 85
7.2.2 Technique Using Glycolic Acid Peel (Standard Fluor-hydroxy Pulse Peel for the Face) 85
7.2.3 Technique Using Jessner’s Solution (Alternative ­Fluor-hydroxy Pulse Peel for the Face) 86
7.3 Clinical Follow-Up 87
7.3.1 Prepeeling Preparation (Table 7.1) 87
7.4 Before and After: Illustrations (Fig. 7.3) 88
7.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 88
7.5.1 Post-Peeling Recommendations (Table 7.1) [1–7] 88
References 89
8: Fluor-Hydroxy Pulse Peel for Extra-Facial Areas 90
8.1 Materials 90
8.2 Methods and Techniques 90
8.3 Follow-Up at the Clinic (Figs. 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, and 8.4) 91
8.4 Before and After (Figs. 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9, and 8.10) 92
8.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 93
References 93
9: Genital Bleaching Peel 94
9.1 Materials 94
9.2 Methods and Techniques [1–21] 95
9.3 Clinical Follow-Up [1–21] 95
9.4 Before and After 95
9.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management [1–21] 96
References 97
10: Glycolic Acid Peel for the Face 98
10.1 Materials (Fig. 10.1) 98
10.1.1 Glycolic Acid 98
10.2 Methods and Techniques 99
10.2.1 Patient Selection 99
10.2.2 Priming of Skin and Preoperative Instructions 99
10.2.3 Steps of Glycolic Acid Peel Procedure 99
10.3 Clinical Follow-Up 100
10.4 Before and After 101
10.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 101
10.5.1 Technical Complications 101
10.5.2 Infection 101
10.5.3 Cosmetic Side Effects and Complications 101
10.5.4 Allergic Reactions and Contact Dermatitis 102
References 102
11: Glycolic Acid Peel for Extra-Facial Areas 103
11.1 Materials (Fig. 11.1) 103
11.2 Methods and Techniques 103
11.3 Clinical Follow-Up 104
11.4 Before and After 105
11.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 106
References 107
12: Jessner’s Peel for the Face 108
12.1 Materials (Fig. 12.1) 108
12.2 Methods and Techniques 108
12.2.1 Prepeeling 108
12.2.2 Peeling 109
12.2.3 Post-peeling 111
12.3 Before and After (Figs. 12.7, 12.8, 12.9, 12.10, 12.11, and 12.12) 112
12.4 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management (Figs. 12.13, 12.14, and 12.15) 113
References 115
13: Jessner’s Peel for Extra-Facial Areas 116
13.1 Materials 116
13.2 Methods and Techniques [1, 2] 116
13.2.1 Indications 116
13.2.2 Procedures on a Step-by-step Way 117
13.3 Clinical Follow-Up 117
13.4 Before and After (Fig. 13.1) 117
13.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management [6–9] 118
References 118
14: Phenol-Croton Oil Peels 119
14.1 Materials 119
14.2 Methods and Techniques 121
14.3 Clinical Follow-Up 122
14.4 Before and After (Figs. 14.8 and 14.9) 123
14.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 124
References 125
15: Pyruvic Acid Peel for Face and Extra-Facial Areas 126
15.1 Materials 126
15.2 Methods and Techniques 126
15.3 Clinical Follow-Up 128
15.4 Before and After (Figs. 15.7 and 15.8) 129
15.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 129
References 130
16: Resorcin Peel for Face 131
16.1 Materials 131
16.2 Methods and Techniques 131
16.3 Clinical Follow-Up 131
16.4 Before and After (Figs. 16.2 and 16.3) 132
16.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 133
References 133
17: Resorcin Peel for Extra-Facial Areas 134
17.1 Materials [1–5] 134
17.1.1 Reagents 134
17.1.2 Equipment (Fig. 17.1) 134
17.2 Methods and Techniques 134
17.2.1 Patient Selection 134
17.2.2 Technique Using Resorcinol 20% (Ethanol Solution) 135
17.3 Clinical Follow-Up 135
17.3.1 Pre-peeling Preparation (Table 17.1) 135
17.4 Before and After (Fig. 17.2) 135
17.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 136
17.5.1 Post-peeling Recommendations (Table 17.1) [1–6] 136
References 137
18: Salicylic Acid for Face (Facial Salicylic Acid Peel) 138
18.1 Materials 138
18.2 Methods and Techniques 138
18.2.1 Indications and Contraindications 138
18.2.2 Preparation Before Peeling 139
18.2.3 Peeling Techniques 139
18.2.4 Directions 140
18.3 Clinical Follow-Up 140
18.4 Before and After 141
18.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 142
References 143
19: Salicylic Acid Peeling for Extra-Facial Areas 144
19.1 Materials 144
19.2 Methods and Techniques 144
19.2.1 Pre-peeling 144
19.2.2 Peeling 145
19.2.3 Post-peeling 146
19.3 Clinical Follow-Up (Figs. 19.6, 19.7, 19.8, and 19.9) 147
19.4 Before and After 148
19.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 149
References 150
20: Tretinoin Peel for Face 151
20.1 Materials 151
20.2 Methods and Techniques 151
20.2.1 How to Apply 152
20.3 Before and After (Figs. 20.6, 20.7, 20.8, 20.9, 20.10, 20.11, 20.12, and 20.13) 153
20.4 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 155
References 156
21: Tretinoin Peel for Extra-Facial Areas 157
21.1 Materials 157
21.2 Methods and Techniques [1–7] 157
21.3 Clinical Follow-Up [1–7] 158
21.4 Before and After 158
21.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management [1–7] 158
References 159
22: Trichloroacetic Acid Peel for Facial and Extra-Facial Areas 160
22.1 Materials 160
22.2 Methods and Techniques [1–10] 160
22.3 Clinical Follow-Up [1–10] 162
22.4 Before and After (Figs. 22.14, 22.15, 22.16, 22.17, 22.18, 22.19, 22.20, 22.21, 22.22, 22.23, and 22.24) 166
22.4.1 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management [1–10] (Figs. 22.25, 22.26, 22.27, 22.28, 22.29, and 22.30) 169
References 171
23: Thioglycolic Acid Peel for Dark Circles Under Eyes 173
23.1 Materials 173
23.2 Methods and Techniques 174
23.3 Clinical Follow-Up 175
23.4 Before and After 176
23.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 176
References 177
24: Thioglycolic Acid Peeling for Hemosiderin and Post-inflammatory Hyperchromia 178
24.1 Materials (Fig. 24.1) 178
24.2 Methods and Techniques (Figs. 24.2 and 24.3) 178
24.3 Clinical Follow-up (Fig. 24.4) 179
24.4 Before and After (Figs. 24.5, 24.6, and 24.7) 180
24.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management (Figs. 24.8 and 24.9) 180
References 181
Part II: Botulinum Toxin 182
25: Introduction: What Is Botulinum Toxin? 183
25.1 History 183
25.2 Botulinum Toxin Types 183
25.2.1 Commercial Preparations 184
25.3 Before and After 185
25.4 Side Effects, Complications, and How They May Be Managed 186
25.4.1 Non-cosmetic Side Effects 186
25.4.2 Cosmetic Side Effects 187
25.5 Conclusions 188
References 189
26: Tip Chapter: Histology and Physiology of the Skin 191
26.1 Epidermis 191
26.2 Keratinocytes 191
26.2.1 Basal Layer 192
26.2.2 Squamous Cell Layer 192
26.2.3 Granular Layer 192
26.2.4 Cornified Layer 193
26.3 Melanocytes 193
26.4 Langerhans Cells 194
26.5 Merkel Cells 194
26.6 Dermoepidermal Interface 194
26.7 Hair Follicles 195
26.8 Sebaceous Glands 196
26.9 Eccrine Glands 197
26.10 Apocrine Glands 197
26.11 Cutaneous Nerve System 199
26.12 Cutaneous Vascular and Lymphatic System 200
26.13 Collagen and Elastic Fibers 201
26.14 Subcutaneous Fat 202
References 203
27: Botulinum Toxin for Craniofacial Hyperhidrosis 205
27.1 Materials (Fig. 27.1) 205
27.2 Methods and Technique 205
27.3 Clinical Follow-Up 206
27.4 Before and After (Figs. 27.6, 27.7, 27.8, and 27.9) 206
27.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 207
References 208
28: Botulinum Toxin for Superior Third of the Face 209
28.1 Materials 209
28.2 Methods and Techniques [1–8] 209
28.2.1 Solution preparation: 209
28.2.2 Injection techniques: 211
28.2.3 Direct 211
28.2.4 Subdermal Bubble 211
28.2.5 Directed Injection 211
28.3 Clinical Follow-Up [1–8] 212
28.4 Before and After (Figs. 28.9, 28.10, 28.11, and 28.12) 214
28.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management [1–8] 215
References 216
29: Botulinum Toxin for Middle Third of the Face 217
29.1 Materials (Fig. 29.1) 217
29.2 Methods and Techniques 217
29.2.1 Example #1 (Fig. 29.2) 218
29.2.2 Example #2 (Fig. 29.3) 218
29.3 Clinical Follow-up 218
29.4 Before and After 219
29.4.1 Example #1 (Fig. 29.4) 219
29.4.2 Example #2 (Fig. 29.5) 219
29.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 219
30: Botulinum Toxin for Inferior Third of the Face 221
30.1 Materials 221
30.2 Methods and Techniques 221
30.2.1 Gummy Smile 221
30.2.2 Perioral Area (Upper and Lower Lips) 222
30.2.3 Elevation of the Corner of the Mouth “Marionette Lines” 222
30.2.4 Hyperactive Mentalis Muscle 224
30.3 Clinical Follow-Up [5–9] 224
30.4 Before and After (Figs. 30.8 and 30.9) 225
30.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management [5–9] 227
References 227
31: Botulinum Toxin for the Neck 228
31.1 Materials (Fig. 31.1) 228
31.2 Methods and Techniques 229
31.3 Clinical Follow-Up 230
31.4 Before and After (Figs. 31.6, 31.7, 31.8, 31.9, and 31.10) 230
31.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 232
References 233
32: Botulinum Toxin for Axillary Hyperhidrosis 234
32.1 Materials (Fig. 32.1) 234
32.2 Methods and Techniques 235
32.3 Clinical Follow-Up 236
32.4 Before and After (Fig. 32.6) 237
32.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 238
References 238
33: Botulinum Toxin for Palmar and Plantar Hyperhidrosis 239
33.1 Materials 239
33.1.1 For Botulinum Toxin Application 239
33.2 Methods and Techniques 239
33.2.1 Demarcating Injection Sites 239
33.2.2 Product Reconstitution 240
33.2.3 Injection Technique 240
33.2.3.1 Palmar 240
33.2.4 Palmar Hyperhidrosis 241
33.2.5 Plantar Hyperhidrosis 241
33.3 Clinical Follow-up 242
33.4 Before and After 242
33.4.1 Palmar Hyperhidrosis (Fig. 33.7) 242
33.4.2 Plantar Hyperhidrosis (Fig. 33.8) 243
33.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 243
References 243
34: Botulinum Toxin for Special Conditions: Chemical Rhinoplasty 244
34.1 Materials 244
34.2 Methods and Techniques 245
34.2.1 Bunny Lines 245
34.2.2 Elevation of Nasal Tip 245
34.3 Clinical Follow-up 245
34.4 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 246
References 246
35: Botulinum Toxin for Special Conditions: Facial Mesotherapy 247
35.1 Materials (Fig. 35.1) [1] 247
35.2 Methods and Techniques [1] 247
35.3 Clinical Follow-Up 248
35.4 Before and After (Figs. 35.3, 35.4, 35.5, 35.6 and 35.7) 249
35.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management [2–3] 251
References 251
36: Botulinum Toxin for Special Conditions: Gummy Smile – Advanced Points and Indications 252
36.1 Materials 252
36.2 Methods and Techniques 252
36.3 Clinical Follow-Up 253
36.4 Before and After (Fig. 36.3) 254
36.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 254
References 255
37: Botulinum Toxin for Special Conditions: Masseter Hypertrophy 256
37.1 Materials 256
37.2 Methods and Technique 256
37.3 Clinical Follow-Up 257
37.4 Before and After (Figs. 37.2, 37.3, and 37.4) 257
37.5 Side Effect, Complications, and Their Management 259
References 259
38: Botulinum Toxin for Special Conditions: Myomodulation to Body Contour 260
38.1 Materials (Fig. 38.1) 260
38.2 Methods and Techniques [1–8] 260
38.3 Clinical Follow-up [1–8] 263
38.4 Before and After (Figs. 38.4a, b and 38.5a, b) 264
38.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management [1–8] 264
References 265
Part III: Hyaluronic Acid Filler 266
39: Introduction: What Is Hyaluronic Acid Filler? 267
39.1 History: Background 267
39.2 Physical and Chemical Features 268
39.2.1 Molecular Weight and Concentration 268
39.2.2 Reticulation 268
39.2.3 Viscoelasticity 269
39.2.4 Turgidity 269
39.2.5 Size of Particles and Extrusion Force 269
39.3 Classification: Types 269
39.4 Choosing the Product 270
39.5 Biological Effect 270
39.6 Available Materials 270
39.7 Side Effects, Complications, and How They May Be Handled/Managed 270
39.8 Conclusion 270
References 275
40: Tip Chapter: Anatomy of the Face, Neck, Hands and Genital Areas 276
40.1 The Face 276
40.2 The Neck 279
40.3 Hands 280
40.3.1 Muscles 284
40.3.1.1 Dorsal Face 284
40.3.1.2 Palmar Face 284
40.3.1.3 Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand 285
40.3.1.4 Fascia and Tendinous Sheaths 285
40.3.1.5 Irrigation 286
40.3.1.6 Venous Drainage 287
40.3.1.7 Lymphatic Drainage 288
40.3.1.8 Innervation 288
40.4 The Genital Area 289
40.4.1 Pelvis and Perineum 289
40.4.2 Female Anatomy 291
40.4.3 Male Anatomy 293
References 295
41: Hyaluronic Acid for Dermic Hydration 297
41.1 Materials (Fig. 41.1) 297
41.2 Methods and Techniques (Figs. 41.2, 41.3, and 41.4) 297
41.3 Clinical Follow-Up (Fig. 41.6) 299
41.4 Before and After (Figs. 41.7 and 41.8) 300
41.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 301
References 301
42: Hyaluronic Acid for Frontal and Glabella Areas 302
42.1 Materials 302
42.1.1 Restylane® [1] 302
42.1.2 Belotero Balance® [2] 302
42.2 Methods and Techniques 303
42.2.1 Pre-procedure Evaluation [2] 303
42.2.2 Techniques 303
42.3 Clinical Follow-up 304
42.4 Before and After (Figs. 42.7 and 42.8) 304
42.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Manangement 305
42.5.1 Discomfort, Erythema, and Edema [4] 305
42.5.2 Ecchymosis 305
42.5.3 Irregularities and Nodules 305
42.5.4 Infections 306
42.5.5 Hypersensitivity Reactions [4] 306
42.5.6 Necrosis 306
References 307
43: Filling Temporal and Eyebrow Areas 308
43.1 Materials 308
43.2 Methods and Techniques 309
43.2.1 Temporal Fossa 309
43.2.1.1 Anatomical Considerations 309
43.2.1.2 Temporal Fossa Augmentation 309
43.2.2 Eyebrow Area 309
43.2.2.1 Anatomic Considerations 309
43.2.2.2 Eyebrow Area Augmentation 310
43.3 Clinical Follow-Up 310
43.4 Before and After (Figs. 43.3, 43.4, 43.5, and 43.6) 311
43.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 313
References 314
44: Hyaluronic Acid for Periocular Area 315
44.1 Materials (Fig. 44.1) 315
44.2 Methods and Techniques (Fig. 44.2) 315
44.3 Clinical Follow-Up 317
44.4 Before and After (Fig. 44.3) 317
44.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 321
References 321
45: Hyaluronic Acid for Malar Area and Zygomatic Arch 322
45.1 Materials 322
45.1.1 Hyaluronic Acid Fillers 322
45.2 Methods and Techniques 322
45.2.1 Practical Procedural Tips 323
45.2.2 Areas of Injection 323
45.2.3 Malar Area 323
45.2.4 Zygomatic Area 324
45.3 Clinical Follow-up 324
45.4 Before and After (Figs. 45.2, 45.3, 45.4, and 45.5) 325
45.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 327
References 327
46: Hyaluronic Acid for Pre-auricular Area 329
46.1 Materials 329
46.2 Methods and Techniques 330
46.2.1 Methods 330
46.2.2 Techniques (see Fig. 46.2) 331
46.3 Clinical Follow-Up 333
46.4 Before and After (Figs. 46.3 and 46.4) 333
46.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 334
References 335
47: Hyaluronic Acid for Ear Lobe 336
47.1 Materials (Fig. 47.1) 336
47.2 Methods and Techniques 336
47.2.1 Preparing the Filler 336
47.3 Clinical Follow-Up 338
47.4 Before and After (Fig. 47.9) 339
47.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 339
References 339
48: Hyaluronic Acid for the Nose 340
48.1 Materials 340
48.2 Methods and Techniques 340
48.3 Clinical Follow-up 341
48.4 Before and After (Figs. 48.4, 48.5, and 48.6) 343
48.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 344
Reference 345
49: Hyaluronic Acid for Nasolabial Folds 346
49.1 Materials 346
49.1.1 Hyaluronic Acid 346
49.2 Methods and Techniques 346
49.2.1 Preparation 346
49.2.2 Materials 347
49.2.3 Application 347
49.2.4 Care Following the Procedure 348
49.3 Clinical Follow-Ups 348
49.4 Before and After (Figs. 49.6 and 49.7) 349
49.5 Side Effects and Complications 349
49.5.1 Erythema and Edema 349
49.5.2 Bruising in Tissue or Dermis 349
49.5.3 Allergic/Anaphylactic reactions [1, 2] 349
49.5.4 Nodulations 349
49.5.5 Hypocorrection or Overfilling 349
49.5.6 Infection 350
49.5.7 Foreign Body Granulomas 350
49.5.8 Ischemia and Necrosis [1–3] 350
References 351
50: Hyaluronic Acid for Lips and Perioral Fine Lines and Wrinkles 352
50.1 Materials 352
50.2 Methods and Techniques 352
50.2.1 Lip Enhancement and Contour Definition 352
50.2.2 Perioral Finishes 353
50.3 Clinical Follow-up 353
50.4 Before and After (Figs. 50.6 and 50.7) 354
50.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 355
References 356
51: Hyaluronic Acid Fillers for Treating Temporal Area Volume Loss 357
51.1 Materials 357
51.2 Methods and Techniques [1–8] 357
51.2.1 Superficial to the Temporalis Muscle (Fig. 51.2) 358
51.2.2 Deep Temporal Plane 359
51.3 Clinical Follow-Up [1–8] 361
51.4 Before and After (Figs. 51.5, 51.6, and 51.7) 362
51.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management [1–8] 363
References 364
52: Hyaluronic Acid for Chin 365
52.1 Materials 365
52.1.1 Physical properties of a filler required for chin augmentation 365
52.2 Methods and Techniques 365
52.2.1 Physical examination and facial analysis 365
52.2.2 Evaluation of the chin 366
52.2.3 Design 367
52.2.4 Anesthesia 367
52.2.5 Injection 367
52.2.6 Adjunctive procedures 369
52.3 Clinical Follow-Up (Fig. 52.5) 369
52.4 Before and After (Figs. 52.6 and 52.7) 370
52.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 371
52.5.1 Visible nodules, unnatural results 371
52.5.2 Vascular complications 371
52.5.3 Immunologic problems 371
References 372
53: Hyaluronic Acid for Neck Wrinkles 373
53.1 Materials (Fig. 53.1) 373
53.2 Methods and Techniques 373
53.3 Clinical Follow-Up 373
53.4 Before and After: Fig. 53.3 374
53.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 374
53.5.1 Swelling and Redness 374
53.5.2 Bumping Irregularity (Fig. 53.4) 374
53.5.3 Hypersensitivity Reaction 375
53.5.4 Bruising 375
53.5.5 Grayish, Bumped Accentuation of the Neck Lines (Tyndall Effect) 375
Reference 375
54: Hyaluronic Acid for Hands 376
54.1 Materials 376
54.1.1 Hyaluronic Acid 376
54.2 Methods and Techniques 376
54.3 Clinical Follow-up 378
54.4 Results Pre-Post (Figs. 54.6, 54.7, and 54.8) 379
54.5 Side Effects, Complications, and tTheir Management 379
References 380
55: Hyaluronic Acid for Genital Area 381
55.1 Materials (Fig. 55.1) 381
55.2 Methods and Techniques 381
55.3 Clinical Follow-Up 382
55.4 Before and After (Figs. 55.7 and 55.8) 384
55.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 385
References 386
Part IV: Threads in Cosmetic Procedures 387
56: Introduction: Threads in Cosmetic Procedures 388
56.1 History/Background 388
56.2 Genesis 388
56.3 Classifications/Types 389
56.4 Available Materials 389
56.4.1 Polypropylene 389
56.4.1.1 APTOS® Technique 389
56.4.1.2 Woffles Lift 391
56.4.1.3 Isse 391
56.4.1.4 MIZ Lift 391
56.4.1.5 Micro-shuttle Lifting 391
56.4.1.6 Beramendi Threads 392
56.4.1.7 REEBORN 392
56.4.1.8 Silhouette Threads 393
56.4.2 Happy Lift Threads 394
56.4.3 Polydioxanone Threads 394
56.5 Selection of the Ideal Candidate 395
56.6 Side Effects, Complications, and How They May Be Handled/Managed 396
56.7 Conclusions 396
References 396
57: Tip Chapter: Anesthesia in Cosmetic Procedures 398
57.1 Topical/Noninvasive Anesthesia 398
57.2 Invasive Anesthesia 399
57.3 Infiltrative Anesthesia and Nerve Blocks 399
57.4 Sedation, Monitored Anesthesia Care, General Anesthesia 400
57.5 Summary 401
References 401
58: Eyebrow Thread Lifting 402
58.1 Materials (Fig. 58.1) 402
58.1.1 Anesthesia 402
58.1.2 Needle for Entry Point 402
58.1.3 Thread Types 402
58.2 Methods and Techniques 403
58.3 Clinical Follow-Up 406
58.4 Before and After (Fig. 58.9) 407
58.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 408
References 408
59: Threads for the Middle Third of the Face 409
59.1 Materials 409
59.1.1 Silhouette Soft 409
59.2 Methods and Techniques [1–10] 409
59.3 Clinical Follow-up [1–10] 410
59.4 Before and After (Figs. 59.4, 59.5, and 59.6) 412
59.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management [1–10] 413
References 414
60: Threads for the Inferior Third of the Face 415
60.1 Materials (Fig. 60.1) 415
60.2 Methods and Techniques 415
60.2.1 Authors’ Personal Technique: Double Z Technique (Fig. 60.3) 416
60.3 Clinical Follow-Up 417
60.4 Before and After (Figs. 60.4, 60.5, 60.6, and 60.7) 417
60.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 420
References 420
61: Threads for Chin Lifting 421
61.1 Materials 421
61.2 Methods and Techniques [1–3] 421
61.3 Clinical Follow-Up [1–3] 423
61.4 Before and After 424
61.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management [1–3] 425
References 425
62: Threads for the Neck 426
62.1 Materials 426
62.2 Methods and Techniques 427
62.2.1 Lateral Sagging 427
62.2.2 Central Sagging 428
62.3 Before and After 430
62.4 Clinical Follow-Up 433
62.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Management Thereof 433
References 437
63: Threads for Corporal Areas: Upper and Inferior Limbs 438
63.1 Materials 438
63.1.1 Silhouette Soft 438
63.1.2 Materials (Fig. 63.1) 438
63.2 Methods and Techniques 439
63.2.1 Pretreatment Process 439
63.2.2 Patient Preparation (Fig. 63.3) 439
63.2.3 Technique (Fig. 63.4) 439
63.2.4 Posttreatment Recommendations 442
63.3 Clinical Follow-Up 442
63.4 Before and After (Figs. 63.7, 63.8, 63.9, and 63.10) 444
63.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 446
63.5.1 Pain 446
63.5.2 Bruises 446
63.5.3 Skin Depression at the Entry Points 446
63.5.4 Foreign Body Granuloma 446
References 447
64: Threads for Abdomen 448
64.1 Materials 448
64.2 Methods and Techniques 448
64.3 Clinical Follow-up 450
64.4 Before and After (Figs. 64.9, 64.10, 64.11, and 64.12) 450
64.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 451
References 451
65: Threads for Special Conditions: Buttocks 453
65.1 Materials 453
65.2 Methods and Techniques 454
65.2.1 Inverted U technique 454
65.2.2 Straight technique 455
65.3 Clinical Follow-Up 455
65.4 Before and After (Figs. 65.1 and 65.2) 455
65.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 456
References 456
Part V: Chemical Substances for Injectable Cosmetic Neocollagenesis 457
66: Introduction: Chemical Substances for Injectable Cosmetic Neocollagenesis 458
66.1 History [1] 458
66.2 Classification 459
66.3 Materials Available 459
66.3.1 Hyaluronic Acid (HA) [4–7] (Figs. 66.1 and 66.2) 459
66.3.2 Calcium Hydroxyapatite [8, 9] 461
66.3.3 L-Polylactic Acid [10, 11] 461
66.3.4 Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) [12] 461
66.3.5 Polyethylene Glycol [13, 14] 462
66.3.6 Autologous Fibroblasts [15–18] 462
66.3.7 Fat Graft [19] (Figs. 66.3 and 66.4) 462
66.3.8 Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) [20–26] 462
66.4 Collateral Effects, Complications, and Management [27] 464
References 465
67: Tip Chapter: Improving Healing in Cosmetic Procedures 466
67.1 History/Background 466
67.2 Genesis 466
67.3 Classification/Types 468
67.4 Available Materials 469
67.5 Side Effects and Complications 474
67.6 Conclusions/Findings 475
References 476
68: Calcium Hydroxyapatite for Face 477
68.1 Materials 477
68.1.1 Product Description 477
68.1.2 Dilution 478
68.2 Methods and Techniques 479
68.2.1 Indications 479
68.2.2 Techniques 479
68.2.3 Injection Techniques for Radiesse® 480
68.2.3.1 Lifting Treatment 481
68.2.3.2 Treatment of the Contour of the Mandible 482
68.2.3.3 Treatment of the Nasolabial Folds 482
68.2.3.4 Prejowl Sulcus and Chin 483
68.2.3.5 Biostimulation Face Treatment 483
68.2.4 Contraindications 484
68.3 Clinical Follow-Up 484
68.4 Before and After (Figs. 68.1, 68.2, 68.3, and 68.4) 485
68.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 486
References 487
69: Calcium Hydroxylapatite for Hands 488
69.1 Materials 488
69.1.1 Calcium Hydroxylapatite 488
69.1.2 The Procedure 489
69.2 Methods and Techniques 490
69.3 Follow-Up 491
69.4 Before and After (Figs. 69.9 and 69.10) 492
69.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 492
References 493
70: Calcium Hydroxyapatite For Unusual Body Areas 494
70.1 Materials: (Fig. 70.1) 494
70.2 Methods and Techniques 494
70.2.1 Dilution 494
70.2.2 Technique 494
70.3 Clinical Follow-Up 494
70.3.1 Stretch Marks (Fig. 70.2) 494
70.3.2 All Other Indications 495
70.4 Before and After (Figs. 70.3a, b 70.4a, b
70.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 497
70.5.1 Early Complications (< 15 days) (Table 70.1)
70.5.2 Delayed Adverse Events (> 15 days) (Table 70.1)
References 501
71: Platelet-Enriched Plasma 502
71.1 Materials (Figs. 71.1, 71.2, and 71.3) 502
71.2 Methods and Techniques [1–8] 503
71.3 Clinical Follow-Up [1–8] 505
71.4 Before and After (Figs. 71.17, 71.18, 71.19, 71.20, and 71.21) 506
71.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management [1–8] 507
References 508
72: Poly-L-Lactic Acid for the Face 509
72.1 Materials: (Fig. 72.1) 509
72.2 Methods and Techniques 509
72.2.1 Pre-op Evaluation 509
72.2.2 Preparation and Anesthesia 510
72.2.3 Reconstitution and Hydration 510
72.2.4 Injection Techniques 510
72.2.4.1 Bone Support 510
72.2.4.2 Fat Compartment Replacement 511
72.2.4.3 Skin Sagging 511
72.3 Clinical Follow-Up 511
72.4 Before and After (Figs. 72.5, 72.6, and 72.7) 512
72.5 Side Effects, Complications, and How They May Be Managed 514
References 516
73: Poly-L-Lactic Acid for the Neck 517
73.1 Materials 517
73.2 Methods and Techniques [1–6] 517
73.3 Clinical Follow-Up [1–6] 518
73.4 Before and After (Figs. 73.6 and 73.7) 519
73.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management [1–6] 519
References 520
74: Poly-L-Lactic Acid for Arms 521
74.1 Materials 521
74.2 Methods and Techniques 521
74.2.1 Methods 521
74.2.2 Techniques 521
74.3 Clinical Follow-Up 522
74.4 Before and After (Fig. 74.4, 74.5, 74.6, and 74.7) 523
74.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 524
References 525
75: Poly-L-Lactic Acid for Hands 526
75.1 Materials 526
75.2 Methods and Techniques 526
75.3 Clinical Follow-Up 528
75.4 Before and After (Figs. 75.1 and 75.2) 528
75.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 528
References 529
76: Poly-L-Lactic Acid for the Gluteal Area 530
76.1 Materials [1–10] 530
76.2 Methods and Techniques [1–10] 530
76.2.1 Preparing the Patient 530
76.2.2 Preparing the Product 530
76.2.3 Techniques 531
76.3 Clinical Follow-Up 532
76.4 Before and After (Figs. 76.5, 76.6, and 76.7) 532
76.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management [1–10] 533
References 534
77: Polyacrylamide for the Face 535
77.1 Materials 535
77.2 Methods and Techniques 535
77.3 Clinical Follow-up 536
77.4 Before and After (Figs. 77.4, 77.5, and 77.6) 538
77.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 539
References 540
78: Polycaprolactone for the Face 541
78.1 Materials 541
78.2 Methods and Techniques 541
78.2.1 Product’s injection 542
78.3 Clinical Follow-Up 544
78.4 Before and After (Figs. 78.6, 78.7, 78.8, 78.9, and 78.10) 545
78.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 549
References 550
79: Polycaprolactone for Extrafacial Areas 551
79.1 Materials 551
79.2 Methods and Techniques 551
79.3 Clinical Follow-up 554
79.4 Before and After (Figs. 79.6, 79.7, 79.8, 79.9, 79.10, and 79.11) 555
79.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 558
References 559
80: Polyethylene Glycol for the Hands and Face 560
80.1 Materials 560
80.2 Methods and Techniques 560
80.2.1 Facial Treatment 560
80.2.2 Soft Tissue Augmentation of the Hands 560
80.3 Clinical Follow-Up 563
80.4 Before and After (Figs. 80.5, 80.6, 80.7, 80.8, 80.9, and 80.10) 563
80.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 564
References 565
81: Polymethylmethacrylate Microsphere Injections in the Face 566
81.1 Materials 566
81.2 Methods and Techniques 566
81.2.1 Indications 567
81.3 Clinical Follow-Up 571
81.4 Before and After 571
81.5 Side Effects and Complications, and Their Management 571
81.5.1 Nodules 571
81.5.2 Foreign Body Granulomas 571
References 573
82: Polymethyl Methacrylate for the Body 574
82.1 Material 574
82.2 Methods and Techniques 574
82.3 Clinical Follow-Up 575
82.4 Before and After (Figs. 82.4, 82.5, 82.6, 82.7, 82.8, and 82.9) 575
82.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 576
References 577
Part VI: Micro-aesthetic Surgery and Others 578
83: Introduction: Dressings to Improve Healing in Cosmetic Procedures 579
83.1 History/Background 579
83.2 Genesis 579
83.3 Classification/Types 580
83.4 Available Materials 581
83.4.1 Impregnated Gauzes 581
83.4.2 Semipermeable Films 582
83.4.3 Hydrogels 582
83.5 Complications in Aesthetic Procedures and the Use of Wound Dressings 584
83.6 Side Effects and Complications, and Their Management 585
83.7 Conclusions 586
References 587
84: Tip Chapter: How Might Cosmeuticals Improve Skin Aesthetic Procedures Outcome? 588
84.1 Background 588
84.2 Classification 588
84.3 Procedure Types 589
84.3.1 Skin Surgery 589
84.3.1.1 Presurgery Skin Care and Supplements (Table 84.3) 589
84.3.1.2 Ingredients and Activities to Avoid Presurgery (Table 84.3) 594
84.3.1.3 Postsurgery Skin Care and Supplements (Tables 84.4, 84.5, and 84.6) 594
84.3.1.4 Ingredients to Avoid Postsurgery (Table 84.4) 596
84.3.2 Injectables (Fillers, Toxins, and Fat Reductor), Microneedling, and Ablative Lasers 596
84.3.2.1 Pretreatment Skin Care and Supplements 596
84.3.2.2 Ingredients and Activities to Avoid Pretreatments 596
84.3.2.3 Ingredients and Cosmetc Skin Care Post Filler Injections 596
84.3.2.4 Ingredients and Cosmetc Skin Care Post Microneedling 597
84.3.3 Nonablative Laser, IPL (Intense Pulsed Light), and Tightening Devices 597
84.3.4 Chemical Peels 597
84.3.4.1 Prepeeling Preparation (Table 84.7) 598
84.3.4.2 Postpeeling Recommendations (Table 84.7) 599
84.4 Conclusions 599
References 600
85: Chemical Liposculpture of the Chin 601
85.1 Materials (Fig. 85.1) 601
85.2 Methods and Techniques 601
85.3 Clinical Follow-Up 603
85.4 Before and After (Fig. 85.5) 604
85.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 604
References 605
86: Microneedling for Neocollagenesis of the Face 606
86.1 Materials 606
86.2 Methods and Techniques 606
86.3 Clinical Follow-Up 607
86.4 Before and After (Figs. 86.3, and 86.4) 608
86.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 609
References 611
87: Acne Scar: Shaving and Electrosurgery 612
87.1 Materials 612
87.2 Methods and Techniques 613
87.2.1 Shaving 613
87.2.2 “CROSS” (Chemical Recontruction of Skin Scars) Technique, Modified 613
87.2.3 Electrodissection for Papular Scars 614
87.2.4 Vaporization with Radiofrequency 614
87.3 Clinical Follow-Up 614
87.4 Before and After (Figs. 87.11, 87.12, 87.13, 87.14, and 87.15) 615
87.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 615
References 616
88: Acne Scars: 5-Fluorouracil (MMP® Technique) 617
88.1 Materials 617
88.2 Methods and Techniques [1-10] 617
88.3 Clinical Follow-Up [1-10] 619
88.4 Before and After (Figs. 88.7, 88.8, 88.9, and 88.10) 619
88.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management [1-10] 620
References 622
89: Acne Scars: Bleomycin Plus Triamcinolone Injection (MMP® Technique) 623
89.1 Materials 623
89.2 Methods and Techniques 624
89.3 Clinical Follow-Up 625
89.4 Before and After (Figs. 89.6, 89.7, 89.8, 89.9, and 89.10) 625
89.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 628
References 628
90: Acne Scar: CROSS (Chemical Reconstruction of Skin Scar) 629
90.1 Materials 629
90.1.1 Brushes 629
90.1.2 Trichloroacetic Acid (TCA) 629
90.2 Methods and Techniques 630
90.2.1 Global Assessment Before the Procedure 630
90.2.2 Discuss with the Patient 630
90.2.3 The Day of the Procedure 631
90.2.4 Description of the Procedure 631
90.2.5 Immediately After and up to 24 h After the Procedure 631
90.3 Clinical Follow-Up 634
90.4 Before and After (Figs. 90.6, 90.7, 90.8, and 90.9) 634
90.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 636
90.5.1 Side Effects 636
90.5.2 Complications 636
References 638
91: Acne Scar: Dermal Graft 639
91.1 Materials 639
91.2 Methods and Techniques [1–7] 639
91.2.1 Donor area 639
91.2.2 Receptor area 641
91.3 Clinical Follow-Up [1–7] 641
91.4 Before and After (Figs. 91.8, 91.9, and 91.10) 643
91.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management [1–7] 644
References 645
92: Acne Scars: Dermabrasion 646
92.1 Materials (Fig. 92.1) 646
92.2 Methods and Techniques 646
92.3 Clinical Follow-Up 648
92.4 Before and After (Figs. 92.7, 92.8, 92.9, and 92.10) 648
92.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 649
References 650
93: Acne Scar: Hyaluronic Acid Filler 651
93.1 Materials 651
93.2 Methods and Techniques 652
93.2.1 Identifying the Correct Acne Scar Type 652
93.2.2 Treatment 652
93.2.3 Injection Technique 653
93.3 Clinical Follow-Up 653
93.4 Before and After (Figs. 93.5 and 93.6) 654
93.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 654
References 654
94: Acne Scar: Microneedling 655
94.1 Materials 655
94.2 Methods and Techniques 655
94.3 Clinical Follow-Up 657
94.4 Before and After (Figs. 94.3 and 94.4a–d) 658
94.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 659
References 659
95: Acne Scar: Punch Elevation 661
95.1 Materials 661
95.2 Methods and Technique 662
95.3 Clinical Follow-Up 663
95.4 Before and After (Figs. 95.9, 95.10, 95.11, and 95.12) 664
95.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 665
References 666
96: Acne Scars: Subcision 667
96.1 Material and Methods 667
96.2 Methods and Techniques 667
96.3 Clinical Follow-Up 668
96.4 Before and After (Figs. 96.3 and 96.4) 669
96.5 Side Effects, Complications and Their Management 670
References 670
97: Aspiration Curettage for Axillary Hyperhidrosis 671
97.1 Materials (Figs. 97.1 and 97.2) 671
97.2 Methods and Technique 672
97.3 Clinical Follow-Up 673
97.4 Before and After 673
97.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 674
References 676
98: Autologous Fat Grafting 677
98.1 Materials 677
98.2 Methods and Techniques 677
98.3 Clinical Follow-Up 679
98.4 Before and After (Figs. 98.6, 98.7, 98.8, and 98.9) 680
98.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Management 681
References 682
99: Autologous Fibroblasts Injections in Face 683
99.1 Materials 683
99.2 Methods and Techniques 683
99.2.1 Indications 683
99.3 Clinical Follow-Up 685
99.4 Before and After (Figs. 99.4, 99.5, 99.6, 99.7, 99.8, and 99.9) 685
99.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 687
References 688
100: Cellulite: Subcision 689
100.1 Materials (Fig. 100.1) 689
100.2 Methods and Techniques 690
100.2.1 Preop Evaluation 690
100.2.2 Procedure 690
100.2.3 Postop Care 691
100.3 Clinical Follow-Up 692
100.4 Before and After (Figs. 100.7, 100.8, 100.9, and 100.10) 692
100.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 693
References 695
101: Chemical Lipolysis of the Infraorbital Fat Pads 696
101.1 Material 696
101.2 Methods and Techniques 696
101.3 Clinical Follow-Up 696
101.4 Before and After (Figs. 101.1, 101.2, and 101.3) 696
101.5 Side Effects, Complications, and their Management 697
References 698
102: Electro-blepharoplasty 699
102.1 Materials 699
102.2 Methods and Techniques 699
102.3 Clinical Follow-Up 700
102.4 Before and After (Figs. 102.5 and 102.6) 701
102.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 702
References 702
103: Submental Liposuction 703
103.1 Materials 703
103.2 Methods and Techniques 704
103.3 Clinical Follow-Up 705
103.4 Before and After (Figs. 103.10 and 103.11) 706
103.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 707
References 708
104: Stretch Marks: Microdermabrasion and Superficial Localized Dermabrasion 709
104.1 Materials (Figs. 104.1 and 104.2) 709
104.1.1 Microdermabrasion 709
104.1.2 Superficial Localized Dermabrasion 710
104.2 Methods and Techniques 710
104.2.1 Microdermabrasion 710
104.2.2 Superficial Localized Dermabrasion 710
104.3 Clinical Follow-Up 711
104.3.1 Microdermabrasion 711
104.3.2 Superficial Localized Dermabrasion 712
104.4 Before and After: Four Illustrations (Figs. 104.11, 104.12, 104.14, 104.16, and 104.18) 712
104.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 714
104.5.1 Microdermabrasion 714
104.5.2 Superficial Localized Dermabrasion 715
References 716
105: Strech Marks: Transdermal Divulsion 717
105.1 Materials (Fig. 105.1) 717
105.2 Methods and Techniques 718
105.3 Clinical Follow-Up 718
105.4 Before and After (Fig. 105.2) 718
105.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management [1] 719
Reference 720
106: Upper Blepharoplasty 721
106.1 Materials (Fig. 106.1) 721
106.2 Methods and Techniques 721
106.3 Clinical Follow-Up 725
106.4 Before and After (Figs. 106.9, 106.10, and 106.11) 725
106.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 726
References 727
Part VII: Aesthetic Approach of Scalp 728
107: Introduction: Clinical Emergency During Aesthetic Procedures 729
107.1 The Emergency Plan 729
107.2 Dyspnea 731
107.3 Epilepsy and Seizure 732
107.4 Anaphylaxis 732
107.5 Syncope 733
107.6 Hypoglycemia 734
107.7 Hypertension 735
107.8 Chest Pain 736
107.9 Cardiac Arrhythmia 736
107.10 Management of Anticoagulation 737
107.10.1 Antiplatelet Therapy 737
107.10.2 Anticoagulants 738
107.11 Pacemakers and Implantable Cardiac Defibrillators 739
References 740
108: Pearl Chapter: Methods and Tips for a Better Scar Quality 742
108.1 The Stages of Wound Healing 742
108.2 Preoperative Planning 742
108.2.1 Controlling Systemic Diseases 743
108.2.2 Medications 743
108.2.3 Smoking 744
108.2.4 Cancer 744
108.2.5 Nutrition 744
108.3 Operative Planning [7] 744
108.3.1 Incising 744
108.3.2 Excising 744
108.3.3 Undermining 745
108.3.4 Placing Buried Sutures 745
108.3.5 Placing Superficial Sutures 746
108.3.6 Hematomas 746
108.3.7 Antibiotics 746
108.4 Postoperative Care 747
108.5 Conclusion 747
References 747
109: Tip Chapter: Low-Level Light Therapy and High-Energy Lasers in Trichology 749
109.1 Mechanism of Action and Outcomes 749
109.2 High-Power Laser Therapy 750
109.3 Differences Between Laser and LED 751
References 751
110: Low-Level Light Therapy (LLLT) in Alopecia 752
110.1 Materials 752
110.2 Methods and Techniques [1–12] 752
110.3 Clinical Follow-Up [1–12] 752
110.4 Before and After (Figs. 110.1, 110.2, and 110.3) 753
110.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management [1–12] 754
References 754
111: Scalp Mesotherapy 755
111.1 Materials 755
111.2 Methods and Techniques 755
111.3 Clinical Follow-Up 755
111.4 Before and After (Figs. 111.3, 111.4, and 111.5) 757
111.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Management 758
References 759
112: Microneedling of the Scalp 760
112.1 Materials 760
112.2 Methods and Techniques 761
112.3 Clinical Follow-Up 761
112.4 Before and After (Fig. 112.6) 761
112.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 762
References 762
113: Tricopigmentation of the Scalp 763
113.1 Materials 763
113.2 Methods and Techniques 763
113.3 Clinical Follow-Up 765
113.4 Before and After (Figs. 113.7 and 113.8) 765
113.5 Side Effects, Complications, and Their Management 766
References 767
Correction to: Minimally Invasive Aesthetic Procedures 768
Index 769