Albert and Jakobiec's Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology

Dan Albert, MD, began his academic career at Yale University and continued at Harvard University and the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary. He moved to the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1992 to become department chair, then chair emeritus of ophthalmology and visual sciences, the Frederick Allison Davis Chair; the Lorenz Zimmerman Professor; and founding director of the McPherson Eye Research Institute. Dr. Albert is now a researcher for Oregon Health & Science University and his research focuses on the treatment and prevention of ocular cancers; particularly the use of vitamin D analogues, resveratrol and its analogues, and anti-angiogenic peptides in the treatment and prevention of ocular cancer and in reversing angiogenesis in the wet form of macular degeneration. Joan Miller, MD, is Chief and Chair in the Department of Ophthalmology at Massachusetts Eye and Ear and is an internationally recognized expert on retinal disorders. As a vitreoretinal physician in Mass. Eye and Ear's Retina Service, she treats patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinal degenerations, and diabetic retinopathy. Dr. Miller received her medical degree and ophthalmology residency training from Harvard Medical School and then completed fellowships in ophthalmology research and vitreoretinal surgery at Mass. Eye and Ear. Dr. Miller is the first female physician to achieve the rank of Professor of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School and the first woman to chair the Department of Ophthalmology. She is also the first woman appointed as Chief of Ophthalmology at both Mass. Eye and Ear and Massachusetts General Hospital. In addition to these roles and responsibilities, she also co-directs Mass. Eye and Ear's Angiogenesis Laboratory. Dr. Miller, along with Dr. Evangelos Gragoudas, are credited with developing photodynamic therapy with verteporfin (Visudyne (R)). This therapy was the first AMD treatment approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and drug regulatory agencies worldwide. In addition, Dr. Miller is recognized for co-discovering the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in eye disease and demonstrating the therapeutic potential of VEGF inhibitors. This work formed the scientific basis of anti-angiogenic ophthalmic therapies, which are widely used to prevent vision loss in AMD and other retinal diseases by blocking abnormal blood vessel growth and leakage. Dr. Miller continues to conduct research to improve therapeutic options for retinal disease. Dr. Miller has received numerous prestigious awards. For her contributions to the development of anti-angiogenic retinal therapies, she was a co-recipient of the 2014 Antonio Champalimaud Vision Award, which is the highest distinction in ophthalmology and visual science. She also was the first woman to receive the Mildred Weisenfeld Award for Excellence in Ophthalmology. Dimitri Azar, MD, MBA is Dean in the College of Medicine at the University of Illinois and is Professor of Ophthalmology, Bioengineering and Pharmacology as well as the B.A. Field Chair in Ophthalmologic Research. Dr. Azar is an internationally recognized ophthalmic surgeon who brings experience in administration, research, education and clinical practice to his position as Dean of the College of Medicine at University of Illinois. He joined the faculty in 2006 as Head of the Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences. Previously he was a tenured Professor of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School, Director of the Cornea Service at Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Senior Scientist at Schepens Eye Institute and a faculty member at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. He is a leader in basic science and clinically related vision research, making significant contributions to the treatment of corneal diseases and to advances in refractive surgery through mathematical analyses and applications of advanced optics. His basic science research on matrix metalloproteinases in corneal wound healing and angiogenesis has been continually funded by the National Eye Institute R01 award since 1993. Dr. Azar is the author of more than 400 scientific articles and book chapters. He is the editor of 14 books in ophthalmology and holds 15 patents. He has been named one of The Best Doctors in America or recognized among Castle Connolly's Regional Top Doctors in America annually since 1994. He serves as a trustee for the Chicago Ophthalmological Society and for the Association of Research and Vision in Ophthalmology. Dr. Azar has received multiple leadership awards, including the 2009 Lans Distinguished Award and the University of Illinois at Chicago Scholar Award.

Fundamentals of Genetics.- Molecular Mechanisms of Inherited Disease.- Genetic Testing.- Principles of Genetic Counseling.- Immunology - An Overview.- A Cast of Thousands: The Cells of the Immune System.- T-Lymphocyte Responses.- B-Lymphocyte Responses.- Immune-Mediated Tissue Injury.- Regulation of Immune Responses.- Ocular Bacteriology.- Chlamydial Disease.- The Spirochetes.- Parasitic and Rickettsial Ocular Infections.- Fungal Infections of the Eye.- Ocular Virology.- Ocular Pharmacokinetics.- Anesthetics.- Antibacterials.- Antivirals.- Antifungal Agents.- Antiparasitics.- Corticosteroids in Ophthalmic Practice.- Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs.- Antihistamines and Mast Cell Stabilizers in Allergic Ocular Disease.- Tear Film and Blink Dynamics.- Tear Substitutes.- Viscoelastics.- Pharmacologic Agents with Osmotic Effects.- Pharmacologic Treatment of Immune Disorders and Specifically of Immune Ocular Inflammatory Disease.- Angiogenic Factors and Inhibitors.- Principles of Toxicology of the Eye.- Toxicology of Ophthalmic Agents by Class.- Epidemiology and Clinical Research.- Epidemiology of Age-Related Cataract.- Epidemiology of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma.- Epidemiology of Diabetic Retinopathy.- Epidemiology of Age-Related Macular Degeneration.- Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Cornea, Superficial Limbus, and Conjunctiva.- Corneal Form and Function: Clinical Perspective.- Ocular Surface Epithelial Stem Cells and Corneal Wound Healing Response to Injury and Infection.- Corneal Examination, Specular and Confocal Microscopy, UBM, OCT.- Corneal Dysgeneses, Dystrophies, and Degenerations.- Keratoconus and Corneal Noninflammatory Ectasias.- Corneal Manifestations of Metabolic Disease.- Immunologic Disorders of the Conjunctiva, Cornea, and Sclera.- Allergic and Toxic Reactions: The Immune Response.- 48: Lid Inflammations.- Viral Disease of the Cornea and External Eye.- Bacterial, Chlamydial, and Mycobacterial Infections.- Fungal Keratitis.- Acanthamoeba Keratitis.- Interstitial Keratitis.- Recurrent Corneal Epithelial Erosion.- Persistent Epithelial Defects.- Chemical Injuries of the Eye.- Wetting of the Ocular Surface and Dry-Eye Disorders.- Tumors of the Cornea and Conjunctiva.- Lamellar Keratoplasty.- Penetrating Keratoplasty.- Endothelial Keratoplasty.- Complications of Corneal Transplantation and Their Management.- Excimer Laser Phototherapeutic Keratectomy.- Conjunctival Surgery.- Ocular Surface Transplantation.- Amniotic Membrane Surgery.- Keratoprosthesis.- History, Development, and Classification of Refractive Surgical Procedures.- Optical Principles for Refractive Surgery.- Corneal Topography and Wave Front Analysis.- Diagnosis and Management of Corneal Irregular Astigmatism.- Biomechanics and Wound Healing in Refractive Surgery.- Excimer Laser Instrumentation.- Mechanical and Laser Microkeratomes.- LASIK Patient Evaluation and Selection.- Photorefractive Keratectomy for Myopia, Hyperopia, and Astigmatism.- Decentration in Keratorefractive Procedures.- LASEK and Epi-LASIK.- LASIK for Myopia, Hyperopia, and Astigmatism.- Wavefront-Guided Excimer Laser Surgery.- Intraoperative Complications of LASIK.- Incisional Surgery: Radial and Astigmatic Keratotomy.- Intrastromal Corneal Rings for Myopia, Keratoconus, and Corneal Ectasia.- Conductive Keratoplasty for the Treatment of Hyperopia and Presbyopia.- Scleral Procedure for Presbyopia.- Refractive Surgery with Phakic IOLs.- Clear Lens Extraction.- Accommodative and Pseudoaccommodative Intraocular Lenses.- Future Developments with Conductive Keratoplasty.- Introduction to Uveitis.- Immunosuppression.- Anterior Uveitis.- Ocular Manifestations of Sarcoidosis.- Intermediate Uveitis.- Infectious Causes of Posterior Uveitis.- Birdshot Chorioretinopathy.- Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease (Uveomeningitic Syndrome).- Ocular Histoplasmosis.- Sympathetic Ophthalmia.- Fuchs' Heterochromic Iridocyclitis.- Serpiginous Choroiditis.- Intraocular Lymphoproliferations Simulating Uveitis.- Choroidal Effusions and Detachments.- Biology of the Lens: Lens Transparency as a Function of Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology.- Lens Proteins and Their Molecular Biology.- Biophysics and Age Changes of the Crystalline Lens.- Mechanism of Cataract Formation.- Subjective Classification and Objective Quantitation of Human Cataract.- History of Cataract Surgery.- Historical Development of Modern Intraocular Lens Surgery.- Preoperative Preparation of Patients for Cataract and Lens Implant Surgery.- Anesthesia for Cataract Surgery.- Extracapsular Cataract Extraction.- Phacoemulsification - Theory and Practice.- Fluidics.- Intraocular Lens Implantation.- Pediatric Cataract Surgery.- Combined Procedures.- Secondary Intraocular Lens Implantation.- Astigmatism and Cataract Surgery.- Complications of IOL Surgery.- Functional Anatomy of the Neural Retina.- Visual Acuity, Adaptation, and Color Vision.- Objective Assessment of Retinal Function.- Muller Cells and the Retinal Pigment Epithelium.- Retinal and Choroidal Circulations.- Examination of the Retina: Ophthalmoscopy and Fundus Biomicroscopy.- Principles of Fluorescein Angiography.- Indocyanine Green Videoangiography.- Optical Coherence Tomography.- Retinal Arterial Occlusions.- Retinal Venous Occlusive Disease.- Diagnosis, Management, and Treatment of Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy.- Diabetic Macular Edema.- Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy.- Advanced Retinopathy of Prematurity.- Eales' Disease.- 138: Retinal Arterial Macroaneurysms.- Coats' Disease and Retinal Telangiectasia.- Neuroretinitis.- Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy.- Central Serous Chorioretinopathy.- Genetics of Age-Related Macular Degeneration.- Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Drusen and Geographic Atrophy.- Foods and Supplements in the Prevention and Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration.- Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Choroidal Neovascularization.- Photodynamic Therapy.- Anti-VEGF and Other Pharmacologic Treatments for Age-Related Macular Degeneration.- Surgical Treatments of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration.- Acute Idiopathic Maculopathy.- Idiopathic Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy.- Angioid Streaks.- Ocular Histoplasmosis Syndrome.- Pathologic Myopia.- Idiopathic Macular Hole.- Choroidal and Retinal Folds.- Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy, Serpiginous Choroiditis, and Relentless Placoid Chorioretinitis.- Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome.- Acute Zonal Occult Outer Retinopathy.- Macular Epiretinal Membranes.- Acute Macular Neuroretinopathy.- Toxoplasmosis.- Retinal Manifestations of the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: Diagnosis and Treatment.- Acute Retinal Necrosis.- Ocular Syphilis.- Subretinal Fibrosis and Uveitis Syndrome.- Diffuse Unilateral Subacute Neuroretinitis.- Frosted Branch Angiitis.- Retinal Manifestations of the Rheumatic Diseases.- Retinopathy Associated with Blood Anomalies.- Posterior Segment Sarcoidosis.- Sickle-Cell Retinopathy.- Traumatic Retinopathy.- Photic Retinopathy.- Radiation Retinopathy.- Retinal Toxicity of Systemic Medications.- Retinitis Pigmentosa and Allied Diseases.- Hereditary Cone Dystrophies.- Heredofamilial Macular Degenerations.- Lattice Degeneration, Cystic Retinal Tufts, Asymptomatic Retinal Breaks, and Additional Selected Peripheral Retinal Findings.- Retinoschisis.- Retinal Detachment.- Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy.- Postoperative Endophthalmitis.- Giant Retinal Tears.- Management of Retained Lens Fragments and Dislocated Posterior Chamber Intraocular Lenses.- Intraocular Foreign Bodies.- Diseases of the Vitreous.- Heredofamilial Vitreoretinopathies.- Aqueous Humor and the Dynamics of Its Flow: Formation of Aqueous Humo.- Aqueous Humor and the Dynamics of Its Flow: Mechanisms and Routes of Aqueous Humor Drainage.- Cellular Mechanisms in the Trabecular Meshwork Affecting the Aqueous Humor Outflow Pathway.- Genetics of Glaucoma.- Clinical Evaluation of the Glaucoma Patient.- Tonometry and Tonography.- Glaucomatous Visual Field Loss.- Optic Nerve Head and Nerve Fiber Layer Imaging.- Primary Congenital Glaucoma.- Juvenile-Onset Open-Angle Glaucoma.- Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma.- Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma.- Combined-Mechanism Glaucoma.- The Exfoliation Syndrome: A Continuing Challenge.- Pigment Dispersion Syndrome and Pigmentary Glaucoma.- Inflammatory Glaucoma.- Glaucoma Associated with Ocular Trauma.- Lens-Associated Glaucomas.- Iridocorneal Endothelial Syndrome.- Ocular Tumors and Glaucoma.- Corticosteroid-Induced Glaucoma.- Glaucoma Associated with Increased Episcleral Venous Pressure.- Glaucoma Secondary to Anterior Segment Surgery.- Neovascular Glaucoma.- Nanophthalmos: Guidelines for Diagnosis and Therapy.- Penetrating Keratoplasty and Glaucoma.- Glaucoma Associated with Disorders of the Retina, Vitreous, and Choroid.- Medical Management of Glaucoma.- Laser Trabeculoplasty for Open-Angle Glaucoma.- Laser and Surgery Treatment of Angle-Closure Glaucoma.- Glaucoma Filtration Surgery: Indications, Techniques, and Complications.- Nonpenetrating Glaucoma Surgery: Indications, Techniques, Complications, and Results.- Management of Glaucoma and Cataract.- Glaucoma Drainage Implants.- Cycloablation.- Basic Anatomy of the Orbit.- Introduction to Orbital Diseases.- The Approach to Orbital Surgery.- Cystic Lesions of the Orbit.- Pathophysiology of Graves' Orbitopathy.- Management of Graves' Ophthalmopathy.- Noninfectious Orbital Inflammations.- Infectious Processes of the Orbit.- Epithelial Tumors of the Lacrimal Gland.- Tumors of the Lacrimal Gland and Sac.- Vascular Anomalies of the Eyelid and Orbit.- Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors of the Orbit.- Orbital and Ocular Adnexal Lymphoid Tumors.- Other Lymphocytic Disease Processes.- Metastatic and Secondary Orbital Tumors.- Miscellaneous Rare Tumors and Disorders Involving the Orbit.- Benign Histiocytic Disorders of the Orbit.- Mesenchymal, Fibroosseous, and Cartilaginous Orbital Tumors.- Anatomy of the Eyelids, Eyebrow, Midface, and Lacrimal Drainage System.- Congenital Eyelid Anomalies.- Eyelid Infections.- Benign Epithelial Tumors.- Periocular Dermatology.- Mohs' Surgery for Eyelid Malignancies.- Basal Cell Carcinoma in the Eyelid.- Squamous Cell Carcinoma in the Eyelids.- Sebaceous Gland Neoplasms.- Eyelid and Periorbital Reconstruction.- Eyelid Tumors of Apocrine, Eccrine, and Pilar Origins.- Melanocytic Lesions of the Eyelid and Ocular Adnexa.- Unusual Eyelid Tumors.- Upper Eyelid Malpositions: Congenital Ptosis.- Acquired Ptosis.- Upper Eyelid Malpositions: Retraction, Ectropion, and Entropion.- Lower Eyelid Malpositions.- Disorders of the Eyelashes and Eyebrows.- Blepharospasm and Hemifacial Spasm.- Upper Blepharoplasty.- Lower Eyelid Blepharoplasty and Midface Elevation Surgery.- Ablative CO2 Laser Skin Resurfacing.- Enucleation, Evisceration, and Exenteration.- Assessment and Management of the Eyebrow.- Principles of Pathology.- Conjunctival and Corneal Pathology.- Pathology of the Uveal Tract.- Pathology of the Lens.- Pathology of the Retina and Vitreous.- Pathology of Glaucoma.- Pathology of the Lids.- Orbital Pathology.- Pathology of the Optic Nerve.- Clinical Examination.- Examination of the Visual Field.- Neuroophthalmologic Disease of the Retina.- Optic Atrophy and Papilledema.- Optic Neuritis.- The Ischemic Optic Neuropathies.- Tumors of the Anterior Visual Pathways.- Hereditary Optic Neuropathies.- Infectious, Inflammatory, Toxic and Other Optic Neuropathies.- Chiasmal Disorders.- Retrochiasmal Disorders.- Neurovascular Neuroophthalmology.- Primary Headache Disorders with Ophthalmic Features.- Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (Pseudotumor Cerebri).- Nonorganic Visual Disorders.- The Pupils and Accommodation.- Diseases of the Ocular Muscles.- Myasthenia.- Third-, Fourth-, and Sixth-Nerve Lesions and the Cavernous Sinus.- Central Eye Movement Disorders.- The Pediatric Eye Examination.- Refractive Errors in Children.- Amblyopia.- Infections of the Eye and Adnexa in Children.- Congenital and Developmental Abnormalities of the Eye, Orbit, and Ocular Adnexa.- Pediatric Ptosis.- Lacrimal System Abnormalities.- Pediatric Glaucomas.- Congenital and Childhood Cataracts.- Visual Impairment in Infants and Young Children.- Retinal Lesions Presenting in Childhood.- Retinopathy of Prematurity.- Ocular Trauma in Infancy and Childhood.- Congenital Optic Nerve Anomalies.- Nystagmus and Nystagmoid Eye Movements.- Learning Disorders and Vision Therapy.- Clinical Evaluation of Strabismus.- Genetics of Strabismus.- Imaging and Strabismus.- Comitant Strabismus.- Complex or Incomitant Strabismus.- Treatment of Diplopia and Strabismus.- Hypertension and Its Ocular Manifestations.- Diabetes Mellitus.- 322: Childhood Arthritis and Anterior Uveitis.- Adult Rheumatoid Arthritis.- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.- Giant Cell Arteritis.- Wegener's Granulomatosis.- Scleroderma.- Adamantiades-Behcet's Disease.- Systemic Manifestations of Sarcoidosis.- Osseous and Musculoskeletal Disorders.- Amyloidosis and the Eye.- Gastrointestinal and Nutritional Disorders.- Oculorenal Syndromes.- Ophthalmic Manifestations of Some Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders.- Nutritional Blindness.- Pregnancy and the Eye.- The Eye in Aging.- Systemic Bacterial Infections and the Eye.- Mycobacterial Diseases: Tuberculosis and Leprosy.- Systemic Viral Infections and the Eye.- AIDS and Its Ophthalmic Manifestations.- Fungal Infections and the Eye.- Systemic Parasitic Infections and the Eye.- Spirochetal Infections and the Eye.- Chlamydial Disease.- Hematologic Disorders.- Graft versus Host Disease.- Ocular Manifestations of Systemic Vasculitides.- Pigmented Tumors of the Iris.- Diagnosis of Choroidal Melanoma.- Charged Particle Irradiation of Uveal Melanoma.- Brachytherapy for Posterior Uveal Malignant Melanoma.- Surgical Resection of Uveal Melanoma.- Enucleation for Uveal Melanoma.- Genetics of Uveal Melanoma.- Melanocytomas.- Choroidal Metastasis.- Leukemias.- Intraocular Lymphoma.- Choroidal Nevus and Melanocytoma.- Tumors of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium.- Choroidal Hemangiomas.- Choroidal Osteoma.- Tumor Involvement of the Vitreous.- Ophthalmological Manifestations of Systemic Neoplasia and Its Treatment.- The Phakomatoses.- Assessment of Risk for Hereditary Retinoblastoma.- Second Primary Neoplasms in Retinoblastoma: Effect of Gene and Environment.- Staging and Grouping of Retinoblastoma.- Current Management of Retinoblastoma.- Genetic Progression from Retina to Retinoblastoma.- Overview of Ocular Trauma.- Evaluation and Initial Management of Patients with Ocular and Adnexal Trauma.- Anterior Segment Trauma.- Penetrating Posterior Segment Trauma.- Nonpenetrating Posterior Segment Trauma.- Intraocular Foreign Bodies.- Sports Injuries.- Epidemiology and Prevention of Ocular Trauma.- Neuroophthalmologic Manifestations of Trauma.- Penetrating Eyelid and Orbital Trauma.- Structural Injuries of the Orbit.- Late Management of Orbital Deformities.- Managing the Child with an Ocular or Orbital Injury.- Physical Optics for Clinicians.- Geometric Optics.- Optics of the Eye.- Objective Determination of Refractive Error.- Optical Instruments Used to Examine the Eye.- Prescription of Spectacles.- Prescribing Prisms.- Contact Lenses.- Optics of Intraocular Lenses.- Low Vision, Vision Disability, and Blindness.- Visual System Disorders and Low Vision Rehabilitation.- Quantifying Vision Disability.- Psychiatric and Psychosocial Factors in Low Vision Rehabilitation.- Rehabilitation Medicine Model for Low Vision Rehabilitation.- Evaluation and Management of the Patient with Low Vision: Entree into Vision Rehabilitation.- Central Scotomas and Preferred Retinal Loci.- Driving with Low Vision: Who, Where, When, and Why.- Computer Technology Assistance for the Low Vision Patient.- Conclusion: The Role of the Ophthalmologist in Low-Vision Rehabilitation - Help When There Is No Cure.- Professionalism in Medicine.- The Ethical Ophthalmologist.- Teaching Professionalism and Ethics in Ophthalmology.- Informed Consent.- Learning Surgery - An Ethical Perspective.- Ophthalmic Co-Management.- Ethics in Marketing a Medical Practice.- Commercial Relationships.- Ethics of Expert Witness Testimony.- Complementary and Alternative Therapy.- Ethics and Professionalism Online: The Internet, E-mail, and Ethical Practice.- Ethical Issues in Clinical Research.- The American Academy of Ophthalmology Code of Ethics.- Source Documents for Medical Ethics.