Intraoperative Ultrasonography in Hepato-Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery

1: Physical Principles and Instrumentation.- The physics of ultrasound.- Ultrasound wave generation.- Interaction between ultrasound waves and tissue.- Instrumentation.- Main features.- Real time equipment.- Doppler-ultrasound.- 2: Intraoperative Ultrasonography: Instrumentation and Exploration Technique.- 3: Ultrasound Terminology.- Homogeneous echogenic echopattern.- Anechoic echopattern.- Mixed or complex echopatterns.- Hypoechoic echopattern.- Hyperechoic echopattern.- Inhomogeneous echopattern.- 4: Intraoperative Ultrasonography during Liver Surgery.- The technique of intraoperative echographic exploration of the liver.- Liver anatomy at ultrasound investigation.- Ultrasound appearances of liver tumors.- Benign tumors.- Malignant tumors.- Diagnosing intrahepatic lesions.- Relationship of lesion to intrahepatic vessels.- Surgery for liver carcinoma in cirrhotics.- Operative ultrasound during surgery for hepatic hydatidosis.- Liver abscesses.- Intraoperative ultrasound in traumatic liver leprous.- Surgical removal of benign liver tumors.- 5: Intraoperative Ultrasound during Bile Tract Surgery.- Intraoperative exploration technique of the bile tree.- Bile tree anatomy at ultrasound.- Biliary stones.- Tumors of the biliary tree.- 6: The Role of Intraoperative Ultrasound in Biliary Surgery: Results and Critical Evaluation in Cholelithiasis and Biliary Cancer.- Materials and methods.- Materials.- Methods.- Normal bile duct echoanatomy.- Lithiasis.- Gallbladder.- Common duct stones.- Intrahepatic stones.- Tumors of the bile duct.- Conclusions.- 7: Intraoperative Ultrasound during Pancreatic Surgery.- Exploration.- Pancreatic carcinomas.- Endocrine tumors.- Conclusions.- 8: Intraoperative Ultrasonography and Endocrine Tumors of the Pancreas.- Technique for the detection of endocrine tumors.- Results.- Indications.- Conclusion.- 9: Intraoperative Ultrasound during Surgery for Portal Hypertension and Liver Transplantation.- Venous thrombosis.- Vascular mapping.- Checking shunt patency.- Scanning for hypatocarcinoma nodules.- Intraoperative duplex ultrasound in liver transplantation.- Index of subjects.