The Application of Content Analysis in Nursing Science Research (eBook)

Contents 5
About the Editors 6
Part I: Content Analysis 8
1: Qualitative Research and Content Analysis 9
1.1 Research Approaches in Nursing Science Research 9
1.2 Comparison Between Quantitative and Qualitative Research 11
1.3 Quantitative and Qualitative Research Processes 11
1.4 Special Characteristics of Qualitative Research 14
1.5 Qualitative Research and Content Analysis 15
1.6 Conclusion 16
References 17
2: Inductive Content Analysis 18
2.1 Background of Content Analysis 18
2.2 Inductive Content Analysis 19
2.2.1 An Example of Inductive Content Analysis 19
2.2.2 Frequently Asked Questions 22
2.3 Reporting Results 24
2.4 Trustworthiness of Inductive Content Analysis 25
2.5 Conclusion 26
References 26
3: Deductive Content Analysis 27
3.1 Deductive Content Analysis 27
3.2 Research Process of Deductive Content Analysis 28
3.2.1 Examples of How Deductive Content Analysis Has Been Applied in Nursing Research 30
3.2.2 Example of Structured Deductive Content Analysis 32
3.3 Reporting of Results 33
3.4 Trustworthiness of Deductive Content Analysis 34
3.5 Conclusion 34
References 34
4: Content Analysis in Mixed Methods Research 35
4.1 Philosophical Background of Mixed Methods in Nursing Science 35
4.2 Examples of How Mixed Methods Are Used in Nursing Science 36
4.3 Conclusion 43
References 43
5: The Trustworthiness of Content Analysis 45
5.1 Trustworthiness in the Context of Qualitative Research 45
5.2 Trustworthiness: Credibility 46
5.3 Trustworthiness: Dependability 48
5.4 Trustworthiness: Confirmability 50
5.5 Trustworthiness: Authenticity 50
5.6 Trustworthiness: Transferability 50
5.7 Conclusion 51
References 52
6: Qualitative Research: Ethical Considerations 53
6.1 Introduction 53
6.2 The Role and Importance of Ethical Principles in Subject Protection 54
6.3 Principles for the Responsible Conduct of Research 58
6.4 Realisation of Ethical Principles in Content Analysis 61
6.5 Future Challenges for Content Analysis 67
References 70
Part II: Integrating Content Analysis into Theory Development 74
7: Theory Development from the Results of Content Analysis 75
7.1 Theory Development in Nursing Science 75
7.1.1 The Definition of Theory 75
7.1.2 Levels of Theory 76
7.1.3 Theory Development Strategies 77
7.1.4 The Structure of Theory 78
7.2 The Creation of Concepts Through Content Analysis 79
7.2.1 The Theory Development Process: From Inductive to Deductive 79
7.2.1.1 Phase 1: Inductive Development of a Hypothetical Model 79
7.2.1.2 Phase 2: Development of an Instrument to Test the Hypothetical Model 80
7.2.1.3 Phase 3: Testing the Hypothetical Model 81
7.2.1.4 Phases 4: Expansion of the Model 81
7.2.1.5 Phase 5: Construction of a Theoretical Model of Adherence 81
7.2.1.6 Phase 6: Development of an Instrument that Can Be Used to Test the Theoretical Model and Build Theory 81
7.2.1.7 Phase 7: Testing the Theoretical Model to Create Theory 82
7.2.2 Reporting a Theory 82
7.3 Evaluation of Theory 84
References 85
8: Instrument Development Based on Content Analysis 87
8.1 Measurement in Nursing Science 87
8.1.1 The Instrument Development Process 87
8.1.1.1 Phase I: Conceptual Framework Development and Item Generation 88
8.1.1.2 Phase II: Judgement Quantification 88
8.1.1.3 Phase III: Psychometric Testing of the Instrument 89
8.2 Discussion 92
8.2.1 Validity of the Instrument 92
8.3 Limitations 93
References 94
9: Statistical Testing of a Theory 96
9.1 Theories of Nursing Science 96
9.2 Definition of Theory Testing 97
9.3 The Process of Theory Testing 97
9.3.1 Aim 97
9.3.2 Study Design 98
9.3.3 Data Collection 99
9.4 Data Analysis 99
9.5 Reporting Results 102
9.5.1 Generalisability and Usability of Results 102
9.5.2 Limitations of Theory Testing 102
9.6 Conclusion 103
References 103
10: Content Analysis in Systematic Reviews 105
10.1 Systematic Reviews in Nursing Science 105
10.2 Using Content Analysis in the Data Synthesis Phase of a Systematic Review 108
10.2.1 An Example of a Systematic Review of Qualitative Studies That Employed Content Analysis During the Data Synthesis Stage 110
10.3 Conclusion 113
References 114