Instrumentation for Audiology and Hearing Science

Shlomo Silman, MS, PhD, received his Master of Science from Columbia University and PhD in Audiology from New York University. He is Presidential Professor of Speech Communication Arts and Sciences, Professor of Audiology, Doctor of Audiology Program, and Graduate Center Professor of Hearing Sciences at CUNY and Fellow of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. He has authored and coauthored approximately 100 articles, books, and chapters. His honors and awards include being the first recipient of the American Academy of Audiology Research Achievement Award in 2000 and corecipient of the 2006 National Tibbetts Award (category of Medicine). Silman is also the recipient of a medal in 2001 from the Escola Paulista Medicina of the Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil, for humanitarian work with persons with hearing impairment in São Paulo, Brazil, and for scientific achievements relating to research on middle ear effusion and auditory deprivation, as well as recipient of the 2002 Journal of the American Academy of Audiology Editor’s Award. He also has served as reviewer, editorial consultant, or assistant editor for various journals. **** Michele B. Emmer, PhD, Professor Emerita and former Chair of Speech and Hearing Sciences at Brooklyn College, City University of New York (CUNY) and former Professor of Audiology, Doctor of Audiology Program, Graduate Center (CUNY), received her Master of Science from Brooklyn College and her PhD in Speech and Hearing Sciences from the Graduate Center of CUNY. Her interests include middle ear effusion, acoustic reflex, adult-onset auditory deprivation, acclimatization, and hearing impairment in the elderly. She published many articles on these topics in medical, audiological, and scientific journals. She was listed in the CUNY Salute to Scholars 2 years running and received the college-wide award for Excellence in Teaching at Brooklyn College. She was coinvestigator and senior research director for several federal grants, principal investigator for two CUNY grants, and a principal investigator for a grant from the New York City Department for the Aging. Dr. Emmer holds two U.S. patents for a medical device with her coauthor Dr. Shlomo Silman. Dr. Emmer taught courses in speech and hearing for over 20 years. **** Carol A. Silverman, PhD, MPH, is Professor, Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology at Hunter College, City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY; Professor, AuD Program and PhD Program in Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences, Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY. Dr. Silverman previously held an appointment as Hearing Scientist and Epidemiologist in the Departments of Otorhinolaryngology and Communicative Sciences at New York Eye & Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai in New York City. Silverman has authored and coauthored several books and chapters and many peer-reviewed publications, and she has served as reviewer and editorial consultant for various journals in audiology, hearing sciences, and otolaryngology. Her research focuses on auditory deprivation; on various aspects of diagnostic audiology, including acoustic immittance and otoacoustic emissions; and most recently on binaural interference. She is a graduate of Wellesley College, and her graduate degrees include an MS in Audiology from Teachers College of Columbia University, PhD in Audiology from New York University, and MPH in Quantitative Epidemiology from New York Medical College. **** Alexa Brody, AuD, is a practicing audiologist who specializes in diagnostic evaluations and hearing aid amplification in Albany, NY. She received her AuD degree from the Graduate Center of CUNY. She holds an ASHA certificate of clinical competence-audiology (CCC-A) and is a Fellow of the American Academy of Audiology (F-AAA). Her special interests include deaf studies, tinnitus management, hearing aids, and assistive listening devices.

Introduction
Acknowledgements

Chapter 1. General Physics and Introduction to Sound Energy
Measurement

Area
Velocity
Acceleration
Force
Pressure
Work
Power
Intensity

Values to Remember

Chapter 2. Electrical Energy- Direct Current
Coulomb's Law
Current, Voltage, and Resistance
Ohm's Law

Series Resistance and Parallel Resistance

Direct Current Circuit

Chapter 3. Electrical Energy- Alternating Current
Introduction
Phasor Representation of AC
Square Wave

Analysis of a Square Wave

Power Transmission
AC Circuit Components

Resistive AC Circuit
Capacitors and Inductors
Series Capacitance and Parallel Capacitance
Series Inductance and Parallel Inductance04

Chapter 4. Filtering and Electrical Impedance
Impedance and Admittance
Filters

Low-Pass Filter
High-Pass Filter
Band-Pass Filter
Band-Reject Filter

References

Chapter 5. Building Communication Systems: Evolution from Analog to Digital
Introduction
Microphones
Loudspeaker/Earphone/Insert Receiver
Amplifiers
Transistors
Digital Communication Systems

Digital Signals

Quantization
Sound Resolution
Sampling

Sampling in Audio Systems
CD Players

Digital Signal Processing
Active Noise Cancellation

Chapter 6. Acoustic Immittance
Acoustic Immittance
Methods for Measurement of Static-Acoustic Middle-Ear Immittance
Calculation of Acoustic Admittance of the Middle Ear
References

Chapter 7. Amplification
Introduction
Hearing Aids

Hearing Aid Components

Additional Features of Some Hearing Aids

Directional Microphones
Telecoils (t-coil)
Wireless Connectivity
Remote Controls
Ambient Noise Control

Hearing Aid Styles
Hearing Aid Earmolds

Generic
Custom Earmolds

Earmold Materials
Earmold Impressions
Venting
Tubing
Introduction
ANSI Standard
Hearing Aid Couplers
KEMAR (Knowles Electronics Manikin for Acoustic Research)
Evaluating Hearing Aid Performance Using ANSI Standards

HA-1
HA-2
HA-2B
HA-3

Recommended Measurements, Specifications, and Tolerances

Curves

Frequency Range
Tolerance Method for Frequency Response Curve

Tolerances
Tolerance Template

Harmonic Distortion
Equivalent Input Noise Level (EIN)
Examples of Current Instrumentation for the Measurement of Hearing Aid Parameters

Hearing Aid Analyzers: Test Boxes

Calibration of Hearing Aid Test Systems
Amplification for Children
Advantages of a Bilateral Hearing Aid Fitting

Head Shadow Effect
Enhanced Speech Understanding
Binaural Squelch
Binaural Redundancy
Improved Sound Quality Along with Better Spatial Balance
Improved Sound Localization
Prevention of Auditory Deprivation

Binaural Interference

Identification of Binaural Interference
Auditory Training

References

Chapter 8. Assistive Listening Devices
Introduction

What Are Assistive Listening Devices (ALDs)?

ANSI/ASA S3.47-2014

Classification of ALDs
Components
Test Equipment
Standard Conditions
Equipment Setup
Settings of Controls
Recommended Measurements

Types of ALDs

Frequency Modulation (FM) Systems
Classroom Audio Distribution Systems (ADS)
Hearing Loop Systems
Infrared (IR) Systems
Bluetooth Technology

Comparative Analysis of ALDs
Discussion

Emerging Themes
Future Research

Conclusion
References

Chapter 9. Vestibular Assessment: Electronystagmography and Videonystagmography
Electro-Oculography
Video-Oculography
Neurophysiologic Mechanisms Underlying ENG and VNG

The Final Common Pathway
Saccadic System
Smooth Pursuit System
Neural Integrator
Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex (VOR) and VOR Fixation
Optokinetic (OKN) Testing
Caloric Irrigations

Calibration

Temperature
Timing
Distance and Angle
Flow
Eye Movements
VNG Goggles

Advantages and Disadvantages of ENG and VNG
ENG/VNG Test Battery

Oculomotor Tests
Static Positional Tests and Dynamic Positioning Testing
Caloric Testing

Sample VNG from a Normal Patient

Saccadic Test Results
Results of Smooth Pursuit Testing
Gaze Testing
OKN Testing
Head-Shaking Nystagmus Test
Positional and Positioning Test Results
Caloric Testing

Chapter 10. Test Equipment Used in Audiology and Hearing Science
Audiometer
Oscillators

Standard Oscillator
Square Wave Oscillator
Detailed Description of the Stimuli Generated by an Audiometer

Critical Band
Speech Noise
Instrumentation for Acoustic Immittance

Components of the Immittance Device

Otoacoustic Emissions - Instrumentation
Electrophysiologic Instrumentation

Auditory Evoked Potentials

Stimulus Used in Auditory Evoked Potentials (ABR)

Click Stimulus
Repetition Rate
Polarity

Universal Newborn Hearing Screening (UNHS)
References

Chapter 11. Instrumentation for Calibration and Calibration of Test Stimuli
Equipment Used for Calibration

Equipment for Calibration of Air Conduction

ANSI Requirements for Calibration of Audiometric Signals
Calibration

Frequency Accuracy
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
Rise and Fall
Linearity

Sound-Field Testing
Bone Conduction Calibration

Artificial Mastoid
Type 4930
Larson Davis AMC 493A

Calibration of High Frequencies
Calibration of the Acoustic Admittance Device

Calibration of Admittance Unit of Measurement
Calibration of Probe Signal Intensity
Calibration of the Activating Stimuli
Calibration of the Pneumatic System

Calibration of the Otoacoustic Emissions Probe Signal
Calibration for Auditory Evoked Potentials
Calibration for Masking Noise
Noise Levels in the Test Environment
References

Index