Introduction to Community and Public Health

MANOJ SHARMA, MBBS, MCHES, PHD, is a professor at the Jackson State University's MPH and Dr. PH programs in Behavioral Health Promotion & Education.

PAUL W. BRANSCUM, PHD, RD, is an associate professor in the Department of Kinesiology & Health at Miami University, in Oxford.

Figures and Tables xi


Preface xvii


About the Companion Website xxi


The Authors xxiii


Chapter 1 Introduction to Community and Public Health 1


Defining Community and Public Health 1


Basic Terms in Community and Public Health 4


Issues in Community and Public Health 7


Factors Affecting Community and Public Health 9


Community and Public Health Organizations 13


Historical Timeline for Community and Public Health 16


Current Challenges in Community and Public Health 25


Summary 29


Key Terms 30


Review Questions 30


Skill-Building Activity # 1 31


Skill-Building Activity # 2 31


Websites to Explore 31


References 33


Chapter 2 Descriptive Epidemiology in Community and Public Health 37


Definition, Scope, and Evolution of Epidemiology 37


Descriptive Epidemiology and Analytical Epidemiology 39


Contributions of Epidemiology 39


Uses and Functions of Epidemiology 41


Agent, Host, and Environment 42


Rates, Ratios, Proportions, and Percentages 44


Summary 60


Key Terms 60


Review Questions 61


Skill?Building Activity #1 61


Skill?Building Activity #2 61


Websites to Explore 62


References 63


Chapter 3 Analytical Epidemiology in Community Public Health 67


Types of Analytical Epidemiological Studies 67


Association and Causation 76


Infectious Disease Epidemiology 79


Chronic Disease Epidemiology 82


Selected Lifestyle Risk Factors 84


Summary 88


Key Terms 89


Review Questions 90


Skill?Building Activity #1 90


Skill?Building Activity #2 90


Websites to Explore 90


References 91


Chapter 4 Descriptive Biostatistics in Community and Public Health 97


Basic Terms in Biostatistics 97


Frequency Distribution 100


Measures of Central Tendency 101


Measures of Dispersion 103


Graphing Methods in Biostatistics 103


Positively Skewed and Negatively Skewed Distributions 104


Summary 108


Key Terms 108


Review Questions 109


Skill?Building Activity #1 109


Skill?Building Activity #2 109


Websites to Explore 109


References 111


Chapter 5 Inferential Biostatistics in Community and Public Health 113


Estimation 113


Hypothesis Testing 114


Testing Differences between Two Group Means 117


Nonparametric Tests for Testing Differences between Two Groups 119


Testing Differences between Three or More Groups 120


Nonparametric Counterparts of ANOVA 124


Testing Differences in Proportions 124


Testing Associations between Two or More Variables 126


Summary 129


Key Terms 130


Review Questions 130


Skill?Building Activity #1 131


Skill?Building Activity #2 131


Websites to Explore 131


References 132


Chapter 6 Social and Behavioral Sciences in Community and Public Health 135


Reasons for Studying Social and Behavioral Sciences 135


Examples from Cardiovascular Disease, Obesity, and HIV/AIDS 141


Community Organization and Community Building 145


School Health Programs 150


Community Mental Health 151


Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drugs 153


Summary 155


Key Terms 156


Review Questions 156


Skill?Building Activity #1 157


Skill?Building Activity #2 157


Websites to Explore 157


References 158


Chapter 7 Models in Health Education and Health Promotion 163


Planning Health Education and Health Promotion Interventions 163


PRECEDE?PROCEED 164


PATCH 171


MATCH 173


Intervention Mapping 177


APEXPH 179


PEN?3 180


Behavior Change Wheel (BCW) 183


Summary 187


Key Terms 188


Review Questions 188


Skill?Building Activity #1 189


Skill?Building Activity #2 189


Websites to Explore 189


References 190


Chapter 8 Theories in Health Education and Health Promotion 193


Using Theories and Models 193


Health Belief Model 194


Transtheoretical Model 197


Theory of Reasoned Action, Theory of Planned Behavior, Integrative Model, and Reasoned Action Approach 201


Social Cognitive Theory 206


Multi?Theory Model (MTM) for Health Behavior Change 208


COM?B Model 210


Social Marketing 210


Diffusion of Innovations Theory 212


Summary 216


Key Terms 217


Review Questions 218


Skill?Building Activity #1 218


Skill?Building Activity #2 218


Websites to Explore 218


References 219


Chapter 9 Methods in Health Education and Health Promotion 225


Methods of Teaching and Learning 225


Cognitive Methods in Health Education 228


Affective Methods in Health Education 230


Environmental Methods in Health Promotion 236


Summary 240


Key Terms 240


Review Questions 241


Skill?Building Activity #1 241


Skill?Building Activity #2 241


Websites to Explore 242


References 242


Chapter 10 Population Dynamics and Control 245


Demographic Cycle 245


World Population Trends 246


World Population Stabilization or Decline Post Peak 250


Designing Population?Based Public Health Programs for Different Subsections in the Community 258


Summary 261


Key Terms 262


Review Questions 263


Skill?Building Activity #1 263


Skill?Building Activity #2 263


Websites to Explore 264


References 265


Chapter 11 Air, Water, and Noise Pollution 269


Air Pollution 269


Water Pollution 275


Noise Pollution279


Solid Waste Management 282


Climate Change and Global Warming 284


Summary 288


Key Terms 289


Review Questions 289


Skill?Building Activity #1 290


Skill?Building Activity #2 290


Websites to Explore 290


References 291


Chapter 12 Injury Control and Other Environmental Issues 293


Unintentional Injuries 293


Intentional Injuries 297


Pests and Pesticides 300


Radiation 304


Disaster Management 306


Occupational Safety and Health 308


Summary 314


Key Terms 315


Review Questions 315


Skill?Building Activity #1 316


Skill?Building Activity #2 316


Websites to Explore 316


References 317


Chapter 13 Organization, Financing, and Delivery of Health Services and Public Health Systems in the United States 321


Understanding the Structure and Functioning of the US Health Care System 321


Organization of US Health Care 322


The Uninsured Population 325


Lack of Insurance and Access to Health Care Services 327


Financing Health Systems 328


US Health Care in the International Context 329


Utilization Trends 331


Private Health Insurance and Managed Care 332


Cost Containment Initiatives 333


Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 335


Organization of Public Health in the United States 338


Summary 342


Key Terms 343


Review Questions 344


Skill?Building Activity #1 344


Skill?Building Activity #2 345


Websites to Explore 345


References 346


Chapter 14 Program Planning, Budgeting, Management, and Evaluation in Community Initiatives 349


Planning Public Health Programs 349


Preparing Budgets for Public Health Programs 354


Administration and Management of Public Health Programs 359


Evaluation of Public Health Programs 363


Summary 368


Key Terms 369


Review Questions 369


Skill?Building Activity #1 370


Skill?Building Activity #2 370


Websites to Explore 370


References 371


Chapter 15 Systems Thinking and Leadership in Community and Public Health 375


Systems Thinking: The Approach 375


Basics of Leadership 379


Leadership Styles 381


Leadership in Health Care 382


NCHL Health Leadership Competency Model 383


Cultural Competence 385


Summary 391


Key Terms 393


Review Questions 393


Skill?Building Activity #1 393


Skill?Building Activity #2 394


Websites to Explore 394


References 395


Glossary 399


Index 429