Lange Clinical Neurology

McGraw-Hill authors represent the leading experts in their fields and are dedicated to improving the lives, careers, and interests of readers worldwide McGraw-Hill authors represent the leading experts in their fields and are dedicated to improving the lives, careers, and interests of readers worldwide

Chapter 1. NeurologicHistory & Examination

Neurologic examination ofsphincter function

Chapter 2. InvestigativeStudies

Neuromuscular imaging studies

Update on ultrasonography forneuromuscular diagnosis

Chapter 3. Coma

Introduction

Role of prefrontal cortex in consciousness

Causes of coma

Spontaneous intracranialhypotension as a cause of coma

Persistent vegetative state

New imaging insights intopersistent vegetative & minimally conscious states

Treatment of traumatic vegetative &minimally conscious states with amantadine

Chapter 4. ConfusionalStates

Drugs

Serotonin syndrome

Electrolyte disorders

Antidepressant-inducedhyponatremia

Endocrine & metabolic disorders

Mechanisms of impairedhypoglycemia sensing in treated diabetes

Nutritional disorders

Furosemide-induced thiaminedeficiency

Organ system failure

ICU delirium

Postoperative cognitivedysfunction

Meningitis, encephalitis & sepsis

Mechanism of N. meningitidis vascular spread

Dysregulated host inflammatoryresponse in tuberculous meningitis

CSF findings in HIV-infectedpatients with tuberculous meningitis

Tick-borne encephalitis & (re-emergent)yellow fever

Nipah virus encephalitis

Updated diagnostic testing forviral encephalitis

New recommendation on empiricaltreatment of toxoplasmosis in AIDS

Fexinidazole for treatment of Africantrypanosomiasis

Mechanism of meningeal invasion inleukemia

Chapter 5. Dementia& Amnestic Disorders

Introduction

Somatic neuronal mutations in aging and neurodegeneration

Differential diagnosis

Biomarker-based diagnostic algorithms for dementia syndromes

Neurodegenerativeproteinopathies

Tau folding in Alzheimer vs. Pickdisease

Tau-disrupted nucleocytoplasmictransport in Alzheimer disease pathogenesis

Contrasting mechanisms ofaggregate toxicity in neurodegeneration

Herpes simplex virus infection andAlzheimer disease

Inflammation in Alzheimer diseasepathogenesis

Meningeal lymphatics (glymphatics)in Alzheimer disease pathogenesis

Blood pressure and risk of Alzheimerdisease

Relation between epilepsy anddementia

Exercise training in dementia

Sex differences in Alzheimerdisease

Spatial navigation deficits asearly signs of Alzheimer disease

Subjective cognitive decline in relationto Alzheimer disease

Update on biomarkers for Alzheimerdisease

Concomitant neurodegenerativeproteinopathies

Update on clinical trials oftreatments for Alzheimer disease (eg, solanezumab, verubecestat)

Clinical and pathologicalcorrelates of primary progressive aphasia variants

New consensus guidelines fordiagnosis & treatment of dementia with Lewy bodies

Skin prions in Creutzfeldt-Jakobdisease infectivity and diagnosis

Other cerebral disorders

Shunting response to gait vs. dementia in normal pressurehydrocephalus

Normal pressure hydrocephalus vs.neurodegenerative ventriculomegaly

Mild traumatic brain injury & dementia

Systemic disorders

Subclinical hyperthyroidism &dementia

Pseudodementia

Features of memory impairment in depression

Amnestic syndromes

Update on antibody-mediatedencephalitis antigens & treatment

Chapter 6. Headache& Facial Pain

Migraine

Triptans, SSRIs & serotoninsyndrome

CGRP receptor-blocking monoclonalantibodies (eg, erenumab, fremanezumab)

Prochlorperazine plusdiphenhydramine vs. hydromorphone for IV migraine therapy

Vagus nerve stimulation as acute therapyfor migraine

Reconsideration of medicationoveruse headache

Update on sustained release drugs

Safety of migraine drugs in pregnancyand breast-feeding

Cluster headache

       CGRPreceptor-blocking monoclonal antibodies

Giant cell arteritis

Tocilizumab for treatment ofgiant-cell arteritis

Intracranial mass

Molecular classification of braintumors

Subventricular zone origin ofglioblastoma multiforme

Nivolumab plus ipilimumab formelanoma brain metastases

Chapter 7. Neuro-OphthalmicDisorders

Update on imaging of optic nervedisorders (optical coherence tomography)

Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy inobstructive sleep apnea

Erectile dysfunction drugs & nonarteritic anterior ischemicoptic neuropathy

Updated consensus management ofpseudotumor cerebri

Update on imaging of giant cellarteritis (ultrasound, MRI, PET)

Charles Bonnet syndrome incortical blindness

Chapter 8. Disordersof Equilibrium

New Figure: Sites of involvement in peripheral vestibular disorders

Peripheral vestibular disorders

Self-treatment of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

Cerebellar & central vestibulardisorders

Autoimmune septin-5 cerebellarataxia

Cerebellar histiocytosis

Sensory ataxias

Nonataxic symptoms in FriedreichAtaxia

Chapter 9. MotorDisorders

Spinal cord disorders

Ibudilast for treatment of progressivemultiple sclerosis

Simvastatin for cognitivedysfunction in secondary progressivemultiple sclerosis

Clinical differentiation oftransverse myelitis etiologies

Circumferential resectioncord-compressing tumors (vs. decompressive laminectomy)

Anterior horn cell disorders

Kinesin family member 5A (KIF5A) mutationsassociated with ALS

Edaravone for treatment of ALS

Nusinersen for treatment oflater-onset spinal muscular atrophy

Disorders of peripheral nerve

Critical illness neuromyopathy(updating critical illness polyneuropathy) & management

Disorders of neuromuscular transmission

Bilevel positive airway pressure(BiPAP) for myasthenic crisis

Tensilon®replaced by Enlon® (both edrophonium) for myasthenia testing

Eculizumab for treatment ofmyasthenia gravis

Chapter 10. SensoryDisorders

New Table: Pharmacologic Treatment of Pain

Approach to diagnosis

Neuropathic itch: causes &treatment

Polyneuropathies

Guillain-Barrésyndrome associated with bone and digestive organ surgery

Autoantibodies in chronic inflammatory demyelinatingpolyradiculoneuropathy

Polyneuropathy with monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance

Fluoroquinolone-induced polyneuropathy

Patisiran treatment of hereditarytransthyretin-mediated amyloidosis

Chapter 11. MovementDisorders

Parkinsonism

LRRK2 activation in idiopathic Parkinson disease

Postural tremor subtypes in Parkinson disease

Light therapy treatment of Parkinsondisease

Chapter 12. Seizures& Syncope

Seizures

Update on sustained release drugs

Safety of anticonvulsant drugs inpregnancy and breast-feeding

Newly approved anticonvulsantdrugs: clobazam, eslicarbazepine, perampanel,

Cannabidiol for treatment of Lennox-Gastaut& Dravet syndromes

Hypothermia not associated with betteroutcome in status epilepticus

No increased risk of seizures withattention-deficit disorder medications

Syncope

Relative efficacy of nonpharmacologicinterventions for orthostatic hypotension

Chapter 13. Stroke

Approach to diagnosis

Updated epidemiology ofcerebrovascular disease

Focal cerebral ischemia—approach to diagnosis

Temporal trends in ischemic stroke subtypes

Five-year risk of stroke after TIAor minor ischemic stroke (2018 study)

Factors associated with emergencyroom misdiagnosis of stroke

Focal cerebral ischemia—pathophysiology

Skull bone marrow in post-strokeinflammatory response

Focal cerebral ischemia—etiology

New perspectives on cerebral smallvessel disease

Preeclampsia, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, and stroke

Late-life systolic and diastolicblood pressure and risk of stroke

Intra-ictal blood pressure and poststroke cognitive impairment

Blood lipid profiles in relationto stroke subtypes

Psychological stress as a risk factor for stroke

Sepsis as a risk factor for stroke

Update on genetics, epidemiology& management of cerebrovascular fibromuscular dysplasia

Update on ischemic stroke incancer patients and its treatment

Stroke risk in occult and manifest cancers

Biopsy vs. imaging findings in primaryCNS vasculitis

Update on patent foramen ovaleclosure for cryptogenic stroke

Effects of sex and aura on strokerisk in migraine

Role of paradoxical embolism instroke in migraineurs

Presentations and treatment updatein cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis

Focal cerebral ischemia—prevention & treatment

LDL cholesterol target levels forsecondary stroke prevention

Stroke prevention in the veryelderly

Hypercoagulability workup for nonatheroscleroticischemic stroke

Aspirin for primary stroke preventionin diabetes mellitus

Diagnosis & management of theantiphospholipid syndrome in stroke preventionp>

Embolic stroke after leftventricular endocardial ablation

American Heart Association 2018 guidelines for management of acuteischemic stroke

Aspirin ± clopidogrel for acute ischemic strokeand TIA

Betrixaban vs. enoxaparin forstroke prophylaxis in hospitalized patients

Ezetimibe for stroke prevention inacute coronary syndrome

Rivaroxaban ±aspirin for secondary stroke prevention

Rivaroxaban vs.aspirin for secondary prevention after cryptogenic stroke

Andexanet alfa for reversing bleeding from factor Xa inhibitor treatment

Timing for initiating statin therapy after acute ischemic stroke

Warfarin vs. vitamin K antagonists for embolic stroke prevention inatrial fibrillation

Reappraisal of endarterectomy forasymptomatic carotid stenosis

Leukoaraiosis & risk of hemorrhage after thrombolysis

Tenecteplase versus alteplase thrombolysis before thrombectomy forischemic stroke

Safety of thrombolysis in patients on non–vitamin K antagonist oralanticoagulants

Time to endovascular treatment and outcome in acute ischemic stroke

Endovascular thrombectomy 6-24hours after stroke onset

MRI-guided thrombolysis for stroke withunknown time of onset

Endovascular therapy for distalintracranial occlusions

Effect of intravenous thrombolysisprior to mechanical thrombectomy on stroke outcome

Effect of interhospital transferon stroke outcome after thrombectomy

EmboTrap thrombectomy for acuteischemic stroke from large-vessel occlusion

Conscious sedation vs. localanesthesia for endovascular treatment of stroke

Cervical nerve transfer for limbparalysis after stroke

Focal cerebral ischemia—complications & rehabilitation

Mechanisms of cardiac complications after stroke

Hyperglycemia & post-strokeinfection

Microbiological etiologies of pneumonia complicating stroke

Post-stroke fatigue and itstreatment

Post-stroke anxiety subtypes

Long-term risk of post-strokeseizures

Mechanisms of motor compensationafter stroke

Robotic exosuits for strokerehabilitation

Intracerebral hemorrhage

Etiology of deep vs. superficial cerebellar hemorrhage

Update on etiology & outcome of perimesencephalic hemorrhage

Risk of intracerebral hemorrhage from warfarin vs. direct oralanticoagulants

Effects of statins on incidence of intracerebral and subarachnoidhemorrhage

Blood pressure target to prevent brain ischemia after intracerebralhemorrhage

Genetics of intracranial aneurysms

Medical vs. interventional therapy for unruptured brain AVMs: results ofrandomized trial

Spetzler–Martin grading scale & treatment of brain AVMs

Update on genetics and bleedingrisk of cranial cavernous malformations

Global cerebral ischemia

Early hyperoxia and neurologicalfunction after cardiac arrest

Epinephrine & neurological outcomeafter cardiac arrest