Advances in Medicine and Biology

In this compilation, the authors first describe the combined negatively-biased and unbiased cocaine conditioning procedure, aiming to study the potential influence of the initial spontaneous exploratory bias on subsequent cocaine conditioning. Next, the authors perform a critical review about the efficacy of mirtazapine in the treatment of substance dependence and anxiety and related disorders in order to help clinicians, pharmacists and other healthcare workers. Transurethral drug delivery is reviewed, as well as and the application of ketorolac as an intravesical therapy. Ketorolac tromethamine is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and a potent analgesic. The authors go on to discuss current trends in re-innervating functional muscle transfers and the neurophysiological basis for these various techniques. Later, the microglial response to the process of motoneuronal cell death is analysed by using ionised Ca2+ binding adapter molecule-1 and cFms as microglial markers. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrates that the number of anti-Iba1 antibody-staining cells increased in the axotomised facial nucleus during 3-5 days post-insult. In the penultimate chapter, a detailed examination was performed of facial muscle innervation by the terminal branches of the facial nerve, in particular the microanatomical distribution to the orbicularis oculi muscle and orbicularis oris muscle. The final study discusses the advantages and concerns related to the use of biofilm reactors for the production of high-value products, and the current challenges to establish E. coli biofilms as a valuable platform to produce recombinant proteins.