Handbook of Children and Prejudice (eBook)
XL, 633 Seiten
Springer International Publishing (Verlag)
978-3-030-12228-7 (ISBN)
This handbook examines the effects and influences on child and youth development of prejudice, discrimination, and inequity as well as other critical contexts, including implicit bias, explicit racism, post immigration processes, social policies, parenting and media influences. It traces the impact of bias and discrimination on children, from infancy through emerging adulthood with implications for later years. The handbook explores ways in which the expanding social, economic, and racial inequities in society are linked to increases in negative outcomes for children through exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Chapters examine a range of ACEs - low income, separation/divorce, family substance abuse and mental illness, exposure to neighborhood and/or domestic violence, parental incarceration, immigration and displacement, and parent loss through death. Chapters also discuss discrimination and prejudice within the adverse experiences of African American, Asian American, European American, Latino, Native American, Arab American, and Sikh as well as LGBTQ youth and non-binary children. Additionally, the handbook elevates dynamic aspects of resilience, adjustment, and the daily triumphs of children and youth faced with issues related to prejudice and differential treatment.
Topics featured in the Handbook include:
- The intergenerational transmission of protective parent responses to historical trauma.
- The emotional impact of the acting-white accusation.
- DREAMers and their experience growing up undocumented in the USA.
- Online racial discrimination and its relation to mental health and academic outcomes.
- Teaching strategies for preventing bigoted behavior in class.
- Emerging areas such as sociopolitical issues, gender prejudice, and dating violence.
The Handbook of Children and Prejudice is a must-have resource for researchers, graduate students, clinicians, therapists, and other professionals in clinical child and school psychology, social work, public health, developmental psychology, pediatrics, family studies, juvenile justice, child and adolescent psychiatry, and educational psychology.
Hiram E Fitzgerald, Ph.D is University Distinguished Professor in the Department of Psychology at Michigan State University. His major areas of research include the study of infant and family development in community contexts, the impact of fathers on early child development, 0-5 age boys and risk, the etiology of alcoholism, and implementation of systemic community models of organizational process and change. He is a member of the Native Children's Research Exchange, the Tribal Research Center for American Indian/Alaska Native Early Childhood Education, the national advisory board for the University of Nebraska Buffett Early Childhood Institute, and the external advisory board for the Oklahoma State University Center for Integrative Research on Childhood Adversity. He is a Fellow of the Association of Psychological Science, and of five Divisions of the American Psychological Association.
Deborah J. Johnson, Ph.D. is professor of Human Development and Family Studies and is also Director of the Diversity Research Network, a faculty serving entity under the auspices of Michigan State University's Office for Inclusion and Intercultural Initiatives. Her research explores racially and culturally related development, parental racial socialization and coping, cultural adjustment from early childhood through emerging adulthood, in both domestic and international children and youth. Current work focuses on the influence of early bias preparation and coping at the intersection of gender and race among African American and Latina College women, and the impact on their well-being and school performance. Recent books, address the global rights of children and private/charter school experiences of African American children. Additionally, she studies cultural adjustment and identity development among unaccompanied Sudanese refugee minors and majors, and in international settings. Further explorations emphasize positive youth development and identity reformation of immigrant and refugee groups.
John Norder, Ph.D. (Spirit Lake and Turtle Mountain) is the Director of the Michigan State University Native American Institute, and an Associate Professor in Anthropology. His research and teaching interests include: Native American and First Nations archaeology, ethnohistory and anthropology, particularly in the Great Lakes region of North America. Current and ongoing work has focused on the ways in which traditional Indigenous knowledge is used as a tool of mediation between issues of identity, cultural and natural resource heritages, and economic development in the context of local and state level political negotiations.
Desiree Baolian Qin, Ed.D., is Associate Professor of Human Development and Family Studies at Michigan State University. Her research, funded by the William T Grant Foundation and the Spencer Foundation, focuses on understanding how immigration, culture, gender, and ecological contexts, especially family, impact adolescent and emerging adult development. Drawing on mostly mixed-method, longitudinal data, He er research has highlighted many nuanced, complex family processes that have been overlooked in Asian immigrant families, especially struggle in parent-child relations, e.g., emotional alienation, parent-child conflicts, communication challenges, and parent-child separation. Her findings also point to negative effects of tiger parenting in child/adolescent development. Dr. Qin's most recent project examines academic and psychosocial adaptation challenges of Chinese undergraduate students.
Francisco A. Villarruel, Ph.D. is Professor and Associate Chair for Education in the Department of Human Development and Family Studies, and a University Outreach and Engagement Senior Fellow at Michigan State University. He is a founding faculty member of the GPI-Youth Development program - an online asynchronous master's program for prospective youth professionals. Dr. Villarruel has worked with numerous communities, state, and federal agencies to address the involvement of Latino youth in juvenile justice systems programs. He serves on the Board of Directors for the Campaign for Youth Justice and is also working with colleagues across the nation to establish The Alianza for Latino Youth Justice - a consortium of practitioners, advocates, funders, families and scholars that seek to engage in culturally relevant practices to address the needs of Latino youth secure placements.
Preface 5
Brief Guide to Cross Chapter Content Emphasizes 7
Contents 8
Contributors 12
About the Editors 18
About the Contributors 20
Part I: Framing Life Course Impacts of Prejudice 40
1: Introduction: A Developmental Systems Perspective on Children and Prejudice 41
Risk and Adversity: ACEs and the Case for Racism and Discrimination 43
Identity: Transition and Integration of Categorical to Existential Self 49
Early Origins of Identity: Categorical Self 49
Existential Self 51
The Diversity of One 55
Summary and Key Points 56
References 57
2: Ethnic and Racial Prejudice Across the Life Span 61
The Psychology of Prejudice 62
Manifestations of Prejudice 63
Dehumanization 63
Stereotypes 65
Stereotype Threat 65
Discrimination and Microaggressions 66
Skin Colorism 68
Some Ethnic-Racial Promotive and Protective Mechanisms 69
Areas in Need of Clarification 70
Implications for Public Policy 72
Summary and Key Points 72
References 72
3: The Intergenerational Transmission of Protective Parent Responses to Historical Trauma 80
Historical Trauma 80
Historical Trauma Response 81
Protective Parent Cultural Responses 81
Biopsychosocial Mechanisms and the Historical Trauma Response in Parenting Practices 83
Biological Mechanisms 83
Parent-Child Attachment and Historical Trauma 86
Establishing Cultural Norms 86
Cross-Generation Transmission of Historical Trauma and Protective Parenting Practices 87
The Boarding School “Solution” to Canadian Aboriginal and Native American Cultural Identity 90
Directions for Future Research 91
A Cultural Practices Research Approach Studying Hair Combing Interaction 91
Hair Combing Interaction 92
Proximity for Touch During the Hair-Combing Task 93
Summary and Key Points 94
References 95
Part II Infancy Through Childhood 99
Overview 99
Reality Check 99
References 101
4: Racial Disparities in Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes 102
Introduction 102
Disparities in Perinatal Health 102
The Role of Race in Health 110
Racism, Not Race 113
Rectifying Racial Disparities 122
Summary and Key Points 124
References 125
5: Understanding the Implications of Systems of Privilege Within the Field of Early Childhood Education for American Indian and Alaska Native Children 133
Challenges Facing American Indian and Alaska Native Communities 134
Strengths Inherent in American Indian and Alaska Native Communities 135
Research on American Indian and Alaska Native Children’s Early Development and Education 136
Implications of Multicultural Measurement for Early Childhood Education and Care 137
Multicultural Theory and Implications for Practice in Tribal Early Childhood Education and Care 138
Barriers Facing Early Childhood Education: Voices from Parents, Staff, and Elders 138
Moving Toward Healing and Empowerment as Family and Community Educators and Researchers 144
Summary and Key Points 145
References 146
6: Intergroup Relationships, Context, and Prejudice in Childhood 149
Theoretical Framework 150
Intergroup Peer Inclusion and Exclusion 150
Differing Expectations for Exclusion 152
Minority and Majority Perspectives 153
Intergroup Contact and Friendships 154
Prejudice, Bias, and Perceptions of Similarity 155
Mental State Knowledge as Necessary for Rejecting Prejudicial Behavior 157
Challenging Prejudice and Unfair Treatment 158
Rectifying Group-Level Resource Inequalities 158
Rejecting Prejudice in Peer Contexts 159
Summary and Key Points 160
References 161
7: Ethnic-Racial Socialization in Early Childhood: The Implications of Color-Consciousness and Colorblindness for Prejudice Development 165
Ethnic-Racial Socialization of Young Children 166
The Content of Ethnic-Racial Socialization 166
Racial Socialization in White Families 167
The Impact of Ethnic-Racial Socialization on Young Children 168
Colorblindness, Color-Muteness, and Color-Consciousness in Educational Contexts 169
The Impact of Silence and Colorblindness 170
The Impact of Color-Consciousness 171
Risks of Engaging in Racial Socialization 172
Antibias Education 173
Research on Antibias Practices 174
Developmental Considerations 175
Summary and Key Points 175
Key Points 175
References 175
8: An Ecological Approach to Childhood Prejudice: The Case of Arab Americans 180
Who Are Arab Americans? 181
Theory 182
Acquisition of Prejudice in Children 182
Levels of Prejudice 183
An Ecological Model of Childhood Prejudice 184
How Various Levels Impact Prejudice in Childhood among Arab Americans 184
Summary and Key Points 189
References 190
9: The Impact of US Sociopolitical Issues on the Prejudicial Treatment of Latino Children and Youth 193
Demographic Overview of Latinos in the United States 194
Sociopolitical Issues Impacting Latinos in the United States 194
The Impact of Sociopolitical Issues on the Lives of Latino Children and Youth 197
Settings in Which Prejudice Takes Place 198
Prejudice in Schools 198
Juvenile Justice System 199
Community 200
Healthcare Settings 201
Impact of Prejudice 201
Psychological Impact 201
Social Impact 202
Academic Impact 203
Coping with Prejudice 203
Ethnic Identity 203
Family Support 204
Social Support 204
Individual Factors 204
Summary and Key Points 205
References 206
10: Implicit Bias and the “In/visible Indian” in the Classroom 213
Implicit Bias and the “In/visible Indian” 214
Deconstructing Instructor Bias 215
Dismantling Implicit Bias for Empowered and Empowering Teaching 217
Understanding the Value-Added Experience of the Diverse Classroom 220
Summary and Key Findings 221
References 221
11: In the Nyitting Time: The Journey of Identity Development for Western Australian Aboriginal Children and Youth and the Interplay of Racism 224
Identity 225
Aboriginal Identity 225
Identity Development in Two Worlds 230
Prejudice, Racism and Discrimination 231
Racism in Australia 231
Implications of Prejudice, Racism and Discrimination on Identity Development 233
Protective Factors of Aboriginal Identity upon Child Development and Wellbeing 234
Implications for Practice and Policy 235
Summary and Key Points 235
References 239
Part III Transition to Youth 243
Overview 243
Reference 245
12: Interrogating “Trouble”: An Ecologically Centered Approach to Race-Related Socialization Factors as Moderators of Disruptive Behaviors and Achievement Outcomes Among African American Boys 246
Investigating the Relation of Race-Based Factors to Academic Outcomes 248
Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development Data Base 249
SECCYD Data Sources 249
Analyzing the SECCYD Data 251
Analysis Approach and Model Review 251
What Did Analyses Reveal? 252
Relationships Between Variables 253
Hierarchical Regressions 255
Significance of Our Analyses 257
Summary and Key Points 259
References 259
13: Perceived Racial Discrimination as a Context for Parenting in African American and European American Youth 262
Theoretical Underpinnings 263
Ethnic-Racial Socialization 263
Ethnic-Racial Socialization and Youth Outcomes 264
The Role of Racial Discrimination Within Ethnic-Racial Socialization Practices 264
Addressing the Gaps 265
Methods 266
Sample 266
Measures 266
Racial Discrimination 266
Ethnic-Racial Socialization 268
Results 268
Research Questions 268
Discussion 270
Limitations and Future Directions 273
Moving into the Global Context: Understanding Race and Socialization Practices 273
Summary and Key Points 273
Key Points 274
References 274
14: Racial Discrimination and Adjustment Among Asian American Youth: Vulnerability and Protective Factors in the Face of “Chinks,” “Dog-Eaters,” and “Jackie Chan” 277
What Do We Know? 278
Racial and Ethnic Discrimination, Stereotypes, and Adjustment 278
Mechanisms to Explain Why Discrimination Is Linked to Adjustment 281
Linked Lives 282
Vulnerability Factors that Can Exacerbate the Discrimination-Adjustment Link 283
Protective Factors that Can Weaken the Discrimination-Adjustment Link 284
Variations Among Asian-Heritage Groups that Are Less Studied 286
Practical Implications of What We Know About Discrimination Among Asian American Children and Adolescents 289
Summary and Key Points 291
References 291
15: When Things Go Viral: Youth’s Discrimination Exposure in the World of Social Media 297
Framing Online Ethnic-Racial Discrimination Among Minority Youth 298
Theoretical Considerations for Online Ethnic-Racial Discrimination 299
Distinctions of Online Ethnic-Racial Discrimination 300
Types of Online Discrimination 301
Social Media Contexts 302
Interpreting Viral Online Ethnic-Racial Discrimination Content 302
Mechanisms of Engagement Within Social Media 304
Youths’ Adaptive Coping and Resilience to Online Discrimination 306
Environmental Contexts and Support for Online Discrimination 306
Navigating and Transforming Social Media Experiences 309
Algorithmic Accountability and Responsible Data Practices 310
Directions for Future Research 311
Summary and Key Points 312
References 313
16: Gender and Sexual Prejudice and Subsequent Development of Dating Violence: Intersectionality Among Youth 316
Adolescence, Gender Prejudice, and Sexual Prejudice 317
Epidemiology of Adolescent Relationship Violence 318
Development of Violence in Children and Adolescents 319
Marginalized Identities and Adolescent Relationship Violence 321
Summary and Key Points 323
References 324
17: LGBQ Youth and Sexual Minority-Related Prejudice: Expanding Our Conceptualization 330
Who Are LGBQ Youth? 330
LGBQ Youth Experiences with Prejudice 331
Prejudice Within the Family Context 331
Effects of Sexual Minority-Related Prejudice on LGBQ Youth 332
The Current Study 332
Method 333
Participants 333
Procedures 333
Coding Procedures 333
Results 333
Traditionally Defined Forms of Prejudice 333
Conditional Acceptance 334
Contradictory Responses 334
Preference for Conformity 335
Stereotyping 335
Topic Avoidance 336
Changes in Relationships and Behaviors 336
Parental Concealment 336
Parental Embarrassment and Shame 337
Limitations 337
Summary and Key Points 338
References 338
18: (No) Space for Prejudice! Varied Forms of Negative Outgroup Attitudes and Ethnic Discrimination and How They Develop or Can Be Prevented in the Classroom 341
What Does P& D Look Like in Schools?
Overt P& D by Peers
Explicit and Implicit Discriminatory Social Exclusion by Peers 342
Microaggressions 343
Structural Inequality and Segregation 343
P& D by Teachers
Consequences of Prejudice in Schools 344
Psychological Consequences 345
Social Consequences 345
Physical Consequences 346
Behavioral Consequences 346
Academic Consequences 347
How Classroom Context Can Promote or Prevent Prejudice and Ethnic Discrimination 348
Classroom Ethnic Composition 348
Cultural Diversity Climate 349
Cross-Ethnic Friendships 350
Summary and Key Points 352
References 352
19: Feelings of Being Caught Between Families and Peers: Linking Cultural Incongruence and Peer Ethnic/Racial Discrimination to Adolescent Well-Being 357
Cultural Incongruence and Peer Ethnic/Racial Discrimination as Risk Factors for Adolescent Adjustment 358
Adolescents’ Feelings of Being Caught Between Families and Peers as a Mediator 359
The Moderating Role of Adolescent, Family, and Peer Characteristics 360
The Incongruence Study 361
What Did We Find: Bivariate Correlations Linking Cultural Incongruence and Peer Ethnic/Racial Discrimination to Adolescent Adjustment 363
The Mediating Role of Adolescents’ Feelings of Being Caught 365
The Moderating Role of Coping Strategies and Relationship Qualities 367
Significance and Meaning of Our Findings 367
Summary and Key Points 370
References 370
Part IV Transitions from Youth to Adolescence 374
Overview 374
20: Youth of Color in Care: Intersecting Identities and Vulnerabilities 377
Epidemiology of Youth of Color in Care 378
Systemic Issues Affecting Placement and Ongoing Experiences in Care 379
Removal from Home and Placement in Care 380
Contextual Barriers to Parental Engagement with CW System 380
Effects of Multiple Placements 381
Maltreatment in Foster Care 381
High Turnover of CW Professionals 382
Impact of Foster Experiences on Identity Development of Youth of Color 382
Intersection of Other Identities and Critical Experiences with Foster Care Experience 383
Gender and Sexual Identity 383
Immigrant Status 384
Disability 385
Crossover Youth 387
Children with Incarcerated Parents 387
Systemic Supports Needed for Youth of Color and Their Intersecting Identities 388
Identity Development Among Foster Youth of Color in Care 389
Needs of LGBTQ+ Youth of Color in Care 390
Needs of Immigrant Youth in Care 390
Needs of Youth of Color in Care Who Have Disabilities 390
Needs of Crossover Youth and Children with Incarcerated Parents 391
Research Needs 391
Summary and Key Points 392
References 393
21: Toward an Integrative Conceptual Model on the Relations Between Discrimination and Prosocial Behaviors in US Latino/Latina Youth 398
Prosocial Behaviors as a Behavioral Outcome 399
Links Between Discrimination and Prosocial Behaviors 400
Risk and Protective Factors for Youth 402
Understanding Cultural Stress and Prosocial Behaviors Among US Latino/Latina Youth 404
Underlying Factors that Play a Role in the Links Between Cultural Stress and Prosocial Outcomes 405
Protective Factors to Consider When Examining Stress and Prosocial Outcomes 405
Summary and Key Points 407
Considerations for Researchers 407
Considerations for Practitioners 407
References 408
22: Experiences of Discrimination and Prejudice Among American Indian Youth: Links to Psychosocial Functioning 412
Minority Stressors 412
Historical Trauma/Colonization 412
Stereotypes and Prejudice 414
Discrimination 414
Harassment 415
Bullying 415
Links to Psychosocial Outcomes 416
Mental Health 416
Physical Health 418
Education 419
Resiliency 420
Ethnic Identity 420
Family and Community Engagement 420
Spiritual and Traditional Healing Practices 421
Coping Strategies/Skills 421
Sense of School Belonging 422
Summary and Key Points 422
References 423
23: Mistaken Identities, Discrimination, and Sikh Parents’ Ethnoreligious Socialization Strategies 428
Discrimination and Sikhs in the United States 429
Islamophobia and Mistaken Identities 430
Ethnoreligious Identity Development in Adolescents 431
Discrimination, Youth Development, and Ethnoreligious Stress 432
Sikh Males at a Higher Risk 432
Parent Ethnoreligious Socialization 433
Sikh Immigrant Rearing Practices and Children’s Identity Development 433
Interviews with Sikh Parents/Families 434
Gathering and Understanding Interview Data 434
What Did We Learn? 434
Experiences of Discrimination 434
Ethnoreligious Stress 436
Stress Mitigation 438
Reflections 439
Summary and Key Points 440
References 442
24: Juvenile (In)justice: A System Developed to Facilitate Youth Development that Challenges Healthy Outcomes 444
History of the Juvenile Justice System 444
Macro Factors 446
“Zero Tolerance” Policies and the School-To-Prison Pipeline 446
The “Adultification” of the Juvenile Justice System 448
Community Factors 450
Family 450
Education 452
Gangs 452
Individual Factors 454
Mental Health 454
Electronic Monitoring 455
Race and Ethnicity 456
Gender 460
The Transition to Adulthood 460
Summary and Key Points 461
References 462
25: A Developmental Perspective on Victimization Faced by Gender Nonconforming Youth 470
Gender Socialization Across the Life Span 471
Social Cognitive Theories of Gender Development 471
Neutral, Positive, and Negative Methods of Gender Socialization 472
Negative Socialization by Parents and Peers 473
Risk of Gender-Related Victimization in Sexual and Gender Minority Youth 475
Parent Victimization 475
Peer Victimization 475
Negative Sequelae Associated with Gender Nonconformity and Conformity 475
Gender Nonconformity and Maladjustment 476
Gender Conformity and Maladjustment 476
Differences Across Birth-Assigned Sex 477
Implications for Intervention and Policy 478
School-Based Methods 478
Methods for Families and Parents 479
Summary and Key Points 480
References 480
Part V Transitions from Adolescence to Emergent Adulthood 485
Overview 485
26: You Sound White: The Emotional Impact of the Acting White Accusation 489
Definition 489
Prevalence 490
Response to the Accusation 490
Bother 491
Identity Exploration and the Acting White Trap 491
AWA and Clinical Symptomatology 493
Summary and Key Points 495
References 496
27: Ethnic/Racial Identity as a Moderator of the Relationship Between Discrimination and Adolescent Outcomes 499
Prejudice and Discrimination Among Adolescents 500
Ethnic/Racial Identity (ERI) 501
Moderating Effect of ERI 502
Academic Outcomes 503
Grades 503
School Engagement Outcomes 504
Mental Health 505
Self-Esteem 505
Depressive Symptoms 506
Anxiety 507
Stress 508
Externalizing Behaviors 508
Health Behaviors and Physical Health Outcomes 509
Health Behaviors 510
Physical Health 511
Summary and Key Points 512
Limitations and Future Directions 513
Implications 515
References 515
28: Online Racism: Adjustment and Protective Factors Among Adolescents of Color 522
Defining Online Racism 522
Online Racial Microaggressions 523
Online Racial Discrimination 523
Online Hate Crimes 523
Prevalence of Online Racism 524
Differences Between Online and Offline Racism 525
Online Racism: From the Infrastructure to Social Media Platform Interfaces 525
Structural Racism on the Internet 526
Racism on Social Media 526
Effects of Online Racism on Adolescents 528
Mental Health Outcomes 528
Behavioral Outcomes 529
Academic Outcomes 529
Social Skills 529
Protective Factors 530
Summary and Key Points 531
References 532
29: Latino Adolescents’ Experiences with Ethnic Discrimination: Moderating Factors and Mediating Mechanisms 535
Sources of Discrimination 536
Examination of Context and Process in Ethnic Discrimination Research 539
Moderating Factors 539
Mediating Mechanisms 542
Summary and Key Points 545
Summary and Key Points 546
References 547
30: African American Adolescents Speak: The Meaning of Racial Identity in the Relation Between Individual Race-Related Stress and Depressive Symptoms 552
Adolescent Reports of Racism and Discrimination 553
Our Approach 556
Participant Responses to Quantitative Questionnaires 558
Participant Responses to Qualitative Questions 561
What Did We Find? 564
Summary and Key Points 566
References 567
31: DREAMers: Growing Up Undocumented in the United States of America 570
US Government Response to Undocumented Individuals 571
Opening the Door to Undocumented Immigrants: Plyler v. Doe 571
Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) 572
DREAM Act: A Failed Attempt to Legal Citizenship 573
Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) 573
The Deferred Action for Parents of Americans (DAPA) 574
2017: Attempts to Address Immigration 575
DACA Rescinded 576
Current Examination 576
Four Stories of Undocumented US College Students 577
Diana’s Story 577
Joana’s Story 578
Jose’s Story 578
Ana’s Story 579
Recommendations 580
Discussion and Conclusion 581
References 582
32: Sexual Stigma and Sexual Prejudice: Understanding the Unique Experiences of Sexual Minority Male Youth 585
Sexual Identity Development and Oppression 586
Masculine Gender Roles and Sexual Minority Men 587
Mental and Physical Health of Sexual Minority Male Youth 590
Resilience, Positive Identity, and Connection 593
Summary and Key Points 594
References 595
33: Gender Nonconformity During Adolescence: Links with Stigma, Sexual Minority Status, and Psychosocial Outcomes 600
Definitions 600
History of This Research Question 602
Theoretical Rationale 602
Minority Stress Theory 603
Stigma Theory 603
Gender Intensification Theory 604
Gender Nonconformity, Victimization, and Psychosocial Outcomes 604
Gender Nonconformity as a Mediator/Moderator of Sexual Minority Status and Harassment/Victimization 605
Differences Across Gender 607
Summary and Key Points 608
Practice and Policy 608
Summary and Key Points 609
References 609
34: “I Can Feel That People Living Here Don’t Like Chinese Students”: Perceived Discrimination and Chinese International Student Adaptation 614
Introduction 615
Stereotype and Discrimination 615
Perceived Discrimination and Psychological Well-Being 616
Stereotypes, Perceived Discrimination, and (Chinese) International Student Adaptation 616
Limitation in Previous Studies 618
Theoretical Frameworks 618
Our Approach to Inquiry: In-Depth Interviewing 619
What Did We Learn?: Chinese Student Narratives 620
Perceived Stereotypes 621
Perceived Discrimination 621
Students’ Feelings about Perceived Stereotypes and Discrimination 624
Students’ Responses to Perceived Stereotypes and Discrimination 625
Discussion 626
Practical Implications 627
Summary and Key Points 628
References 629
Index 632
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 21.5.2019 |
|---|---|
| Zusatzinfo | XL, 633 p. 23 illus., 5 illus. in color. |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Geisteswissenschaften |
| Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Psychiatrie / Psychotherapie | |
| Sozialwissenschaften ► Pädagogik ► Sozialpädagogik | |
| Schlagworte | African American children, teacher race, & academic achievement • American Indian, Alaska Native children and prejudice • Arab Americans and childhood prejudice • Asian American youth and racial discrimination • Ecological approach to the study of childhood prejudice • Ethnic and racial prejudice and child development • Families, peers, and prejudice • Gender identity, LGBTQ youth, and discrimination • Implicit and explicit prejudice and early childhood • Juvenile justice system and prejudice • Latino children and discrimination in the United States • Muslim children, identity-based and religious discrimination • Prejudice, pregnancy, and early child development • Prosocial behaviors, resilience, and prejudice • Sikh youth development and discrimination • Social inclusion and exclusion during childhood • Social media, youth, and discrimination exposure • Trauma, identity, and child development • Western Australian Aboriginal children, youth, and racism |
| ISBN-10 | 3-030-12228-X / 303012228X |
| ISBN-13 | 978-3-030-12228-7 / 9783030122287 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
PDF (Wasserzeichen)Größe: 22,2 MB
DRM: Digitales Wasserzeichen
Dieses eBook enthält ein digitales Wasserzeichen und ist damit für Sie personalisiert. Bei einer missbräuchlichen Weitergabe des eBooks an Dritte ist eine Rückverfolgung an die Quelle möglich.
Dateiformat: PDF (Portable Document Format)
Mit einem festen Seitenlayout eignet sich die PDF besonders für Fachbücher mit Spalten, Tabellen und Abbildungen. Eine PDF kann auf fast allen Geräten angezeigt werden, ist aber für kleine Displays (Smartphone, eReader) nur eingeschränkt geeignet.
Systemvoraussetzungen:
PC/Mac: Mit einem PC oder Mac können Sie dieses eBook lesen. Sie benötigen dafür einen PDF-Viewer - z.B. den Adobe Reader oder Adobe Digital Editions.
eReader: Dieses eBook kann mit (fast) allen eBook-Readern gelesen werden. Mit dem amazon-Kindle ist es aber nicht kompatibel.
Smartphone/Tablet: Egal ob Apple oder Android, dieses eBook können Sie lesen. Sie benötigen dafür einen PDF-Viewer - z.B. die kostenlose Adobe Digital Editions-App.
Zusätzliches Feature: Online Lesen
Dieses eBook können Sie zusätzlich zum Download auch online im Webbrowser lesen.
Buying eBooks from abroad
For tax law reasons we can sell eBooks just within Germany and Switzerland. Regrettably we cannot fulfill eBook-orders from other countries.
aus dem Bereich
