Introduction to Phenomenology

Cheryl Tatano Beck, DNSc, CNM, FAAN is a distinguished professor in the School of Nursing at the University of Connecticut. Her program of research is focused on perinatal mood and anxiety disorders. She has developed the Postpartum Depression Screening Scale (PDSS) from her series of qualitative studies on postpartum depression. She also has developed a theory of traumatic childbirth, called the Ever Widening Ripple Effect. This midrange theory is based on her series of qualitative studies on traumatic childbirth and its resulting PTSD. She serves on the editorial board of Global Qualitative Nursing Research, Journal of Perinatal Education and Advances in Nursing Science. She has written: Beck, C. T. (2016). Developing a Program of Research in Nursing. New York: Springer Publishing Company. Long, T. & Beck CT (2017). Writing in nursing: A brief guide. New York: Oxford University Press. Beck, C. T., Driscoll, J. W., & Watson, S. (2013). Traumatic childbirth. New York: Routledge. Beck, C.T. (Ed.) (2013). Routledge International Handbook of Qualitative Nursing Research. New York: Routledge. Beck, C.T. & Driscoll, J.W. (2006). Postpartum mood and anxiety disorders: A clinician’s guide. Sudbury, Ma.: Jones & Bartlett Publishers. Polit, D. F., & Beck, C.T. (2018). Essentials of Nursing Research: Appraising Evidence for Nursing Practice. (9th Ed). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams, & Wilkins. Polit, D. F., & Beck, C.T. (2017). Nursing Research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice (10th Ed). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.

List of Tables and Figures
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Chapter 1. Introduction
Part 1. Philosophical Underpinnings of the Methodology
Chapter 2. Philosophy of Phenomenology
Edmund Husserl
Martin Heidegger
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
Hans-Georg Gadamer
Part 2. Descriptive Phenomenology
Chapter 3. Paul Colaizzi’s Descriptive Phenomenological Methodology
Research Question
Sample
Data Collection
Data Analysis
The Lived Experience of Postpartum Depression
Examples of Research from Various Disciplines
Chapter 4. Amedeo Giorgi’s Descriptive Phenomenological Methodology
Research Question
Sample
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Examples of Published Studies Using Giorgi’s Descriptive Phenomenological Methodology
Chapter 5. Adrian van Kaam’s Descriptive Phenomenological Methodology and Clark Moustakas’s Modification
Research Question
Sample
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Examples of a Study from My Program of Research
Additional Examples of Studies Using Van Kaam’s Descriptive Phenomenological Approach
Clark Moustakas’s Modification of van Kaam’s Approach
Examples of Moustakas’s Modification of Van Kaam’s Approach
Comparison of van Kaam’s Methodology and Moustakas’s Modification
Chapter 6. Karin Dahlberg’s Descriptive Phenomenological Reflective Lifeworld Research
Introduction to the Reflective Lifeworld Methodology
Descriptive Phenomenological Reflective Lifeworld Approach
Comparison of Five Descriptive Phenomenological Methodologies
Choosing one of the Descriptive Phenomenological Methods
Part 3. Interpretive Phenomenology
Chapter 7. Max van Manen’s Hermeneutic Phenomenological Approach
Research Question
Sample
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Examples of International Research from Various Disciplines Using Van Manen’s Methodology
Chapter 8. Patricia Benner’s Interpretive Phenomenological Methodology
Sample
Data Analysis
International Examples of Studies Using Benner’s Interpretive Phenomenological Methodology
Chapter 9. Jonathan Smith’s Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA)
Research Questions
Sample
Data Collection
Data Analysis
International Examples of IPA Research from Various Disciplines
Chapter 10. Karin Dahlberg’s Hermeneutic Reflective Lifeworld Research Methodology
Hermeneutic Reflective Lifeworld Methodology
Comparison of the Four Interpretive Phenomenological Methodologies
Choosing One of the Interpretive Phenomenological Methodologies
Part 4. Evaluating, Writing, and Teaching Phenomenology
Chapter 11. Trustworthiness in Qualitative Research
Trustworthiness vs. Reliability and Validity
Strategies for Enhancing Quality
Criteria for Evaluating Phenomenological Research
Criteria for Evaluating Qualitative Research in General
Student Exercise for Evaluating a Phenomenological Study
Chapter 12. Phenomenological Writing
Strategies
Figures
Qualitative Reporting Checklists
End-of-Chapter Study Activities
Chapter 13. Developing a Program of Research Using Phenomenology
Chapter 14. Teaching Phenomenology: Preparing Our Next Generation of Researchers
Other Faculty Members’ Teaching Strategies
My Teaching Strategies
Phenomenology Tips
Glossary
Appendix A. First Study Activity for Students
Appendix B. Second Study Activity for Students
Appendix C. Mothers’ Experiences of Posttraumatic Growth Following Traumatic Childbirth: A Descriptive Phenomenological Study Proposal
Appendix D. The Impact of Traumatic Birth on Mothers Caring for Their Children: An Interpretive Phenomenological Study Proposal
Index