HANDBK RADIO-PHARMACEUTICALS

One Radiobiopharmaceutics.- 1 Preparation of radiopharmaceuticals.- Production of radionuclides.- Synthesis of the non-radioactive compound.- Reaction of the radionuclide with the non-radioactive compound.- References.- 2 Ideal characteristics of radiopharmaceuticals.- Availability and cost.- Preparation.- Biologic behavior.- Radionuclidic characteristics.- Hematology.- 3 Quality control of radiopharmaceuticals.- Biologic tests.- Physicochemical tests.- References.- 4 Design of radiopharmaceuticals.- Radionuclide.- Chemistry.- Biology.- Human studies.- Registration.- References.- 5 The fate of administered radiopharmaceuticals.- Membrane transport systems.- Distribution.- Elimination.- The quality of the radiopharmaceutical.- The health status of the patient.- References.- 6 Drug-radiopharmaceutical interactions.- Desired drug-radiopharmaceutical interaction.- Undesired drug-radiopharmaceutical interaction.- References.- Two Basic Aspects of Radiopharmaceuticals.- 7 Technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals.- Technetium-99m pertechnetate (99mTcC4?).- Technetium-99m d,l-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (99mTc-d,l-HMPAO).- Technetium-99m l,l-ethylcysteinate dimer (99mTc-l,l-ECD).- Technetium-99m[N-(-2(lH-pyrolymethyl))-N'-(-4-pentene-3-one-2)ethane- 1,2-diamine] (99mTc-MRP 20).- Technetium-99m macroaggregated albumin (99mTc-MAA).- Technetium-99m human albumin microspheres (99mTc-HAMs).- Technetium-99m aerosols.- Technetium-99m red blood cells (99mTc-RBCs).- Technetium-99m heat-denatured red blood cells (99mTc-HD-RBCs).- Technetium-99m hexakis-2-methoxy-2-isobutyl isonitrile (99mTc-sestamibi).- Technetium-99m chloro-Cmethylboron (1-)-tris (2,2-cyclohexanedione dioxime) (99mTc-teboroxime).- Technetium-99m 1,2-bis [bis(2-ethoxyethyl)phosphino]ethane (99mTc-tetrofosmin).- Technetium-99m phosphorus compounds.- Technetium-99m colloids.- Technetium-99m colloid solid meals.- Technetium-99m iminodiacetate derivatives (99mTc-IDAs).- Technetium-99m diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (99mTc-DTPA).- Technetium-99m dimercaptosuccinic acid (99mTc-DMSA).- Technetium-99m glucoheptonate (99mTc-GHA).- Technetium-99m mercaptoacetyltriglycine (99mTc-MAG3).- Technetium-99m human serum albumin (99mTc-HSA).- Technetium-99m technegas.- References.- 8 Iodine radiopharmaceuticals.- Iodine-123/131 sodium iodide (Na123/131I).- Iodine-123/131 sodium o-iodohippurate (123/131I-o-IH).- Iodine-123 N-isopropyl-p-iodoamphetamine (123IMP).- Iodine-123N,N,N'-trimethyl-N'-[2-hydroxy-3-methyl-5-iodobenzyl]1,3-propanediamine (123I-HIPDM).- Iodine-123/131 m-iodobenzylguanidine (123/131I-mIBG).- Iodine-123 fatty acids.- Iodine-1316?-iodomethyl-l0-norcholest-5(l0)-en-3?-ol(131I-iodomethyl norcholesterol).- References.- 9 Group IIIA radiopharmaceuticals.- Gallium-67 citrate (67Ga citrate).- Indium-111 radiopharmaceuticals.- 111In diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (111In DTPA).- 111In oxine- or tropolone-leucocytes and platelets.- Thallium-201 thallous chloride (201TlCl).- References.- 10 Group VIA radiopharmaceuticals.- Selenium-75 6-methyl-selenomethyl-19-norcholest-5-(10)-en-3?-ol (75Se-selenomethyl norcholesterol).- References.- 11 Antibodies.- Types of radioactive antibodies.- 123/131I antibodies.- 111In antimyosin (111In-Am).- 111In anticarcinoembryonic antigen (111n-anti-CEA).- 111In antitumour-associated glycoprotein (111In-anti-TAG/B72.3).- References.- 12 Receptor radiopharmaceuticals.- The binding of radiopharmaceutical to receptor sites.- The receptor system.- The choice of radionuclide.- The choice of ligand.- Labeling process.- Optimum imaging time.- Iodine-123 (S)-(?)-3-iodo-2-hydroxy-6-methoxy-N-[l-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl) methyl] benzamide (123IBZM).- Indium-111 DTPA-D-Phe-1-octreotide (111In-octreotide).- References.- 13 Radioactive noble gases.- References.- 14 Positron emission tomographic (PET) radiopharmaceuticals.- Cyclotron produced.- Generator produced.- Fluorine-18 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose (18FOG).- Oxygen-15-labeled oxygen, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide (15O215O-CO215O-CO).- Nitrogen-13 ammonia (13NH3).- References.- 15 Non-imaging radiopharmaceuticals.- Chromium-51 red blood cells (51Cr-RBCs).- Cobalt-57/58 cyanocobalamin (57/58Co-vitamin B12).- Ferrous-59 citrate (59Fe citrate).- Selenium-75 taura-23-selena-25-homocholic acid (75Se-HCAT).- Iodine-125 human serum albumin (125I-HSA).- Iodine-125 fibrinogen (125-fibrinogen).- References.- 16 Therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals.- Phosphorus-32 chromic phosphate (32P-CrPO4) and sodium phosphate (32P-Na2HPO4).- Strontium-89 chloride (89SrCl2).- Samarium-153 ethylenediaminetetramethylene phosphonic acid (153Sm-EDTMP).- Rhenium-186 1,1-hydroxyethylidene diphosphonate (186Re-HEDP).- References.- Three Good Radiopharmacy Practice.- 17 Design of a radiopharmacy.- Premises.- Personnel.- 18 Quality assurance.- Performance checking of the dose calibrator.- Dispensing of radiopharmaceuticals.- Record keeping.- 19 Radiation protection and safety.- Personnel.- The patient.- References.- 20 Disposal of radioactive waste material.- Sewer dilution.- Decay in storage.- 21 Regulatory policies and practice.- Further reading for Part Three.- Four Appendices.- Appendix A List of equipment, chemicals and consumables required in a radiopharmacy.- Appendix B Decay factors of radionuclides useful for nuclear medicine procedures.- Appendix C Recommended adult doses.- Appendix D Recommended pediatric dose as a fraction of the adult dose.- Appendix F Conversion to SI units.- Appendix G Decay schemes for commonly used radionuclides.- Appendix H Physical properties and production modes of reactor-produced radionuclides.- Appendix I Physical properties and production modes of cyclotron-produced radionuclides.