Reference Range Values for Pediatric Care

Dr Lamia Soghier, MD, FAAP is an Assistant Professor of Pediatrics at the George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences in Washington DC. She is a board-certified neonatologist and the Medical Unit Director of the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and the NICU Quality and Safety Officer at Children's National Medical Center.  She received her medical degree from the University of Alexandria in Egypt and completed her pediatric residency at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia in Pennsylvania and neonatology fellowship at the Children's Hospital at Montefiore in the Bronx, NY.  Dr Soghier is certified by the American Board of Pediatrics in both Pediatrics and Neonatology. She is an active clinician and researcher, has been involved with multiple neonatology publications, and has been the lead editor of the AAP Reference Range Values in Pediatrics since 2012.   Dr Soghier is also the Director of Education at Children's National. She obtained her master's degree in medical education from the George Washington University in 2017. Dr Soghier has a profound interest in medical education for the care of newborns worldwide. She has travelled extensively to promote clinician education as a means of improving the health of newborns. Her research and education focus on application of novel technology in skill acquisition by pediatric trainees. She has spoken both nationally and internationally on medical education and neonatal research. Christine Reyes, MD is a pediatric pathologist affiliated with Children's National Medical Center in Washington DC where she is currently the Associate Chief of Pathology and Lab Medicine and the Director of Chemistry, Point of Care Testing and Clinical Lab Support Services. Prior to becoming a physician, Dr. Reyes was a Medical/Coronary Intensive Care nurse. She attended medical school at the University of New Mexico. Her post-graduate training included a transitional year at Emory University, Anatomic and Clinical Pathology residency at the George Washington University and pediatric pathology fellowship at Texas Children's Hospital. She is board certified in Anatomic and Clinical Pathology, as well as Pediatric Pathology. She is Assistant Professor of Pathology and Pediatrics at the George Washington University. She has been in practice for more than 15 years.

Introduction
1. Conversions
Conversion Formulas
Temperature Conversion
Fahrenheit to Celsius Conversion
2. Scales and Scoring
Apgar Score
New Ballard Score
Pain Scales
FLACC Pain Scale
Pediatric Early Warning Score (PEWS)
3. Growth
Determining Body Surface Area
Growth Charts
Growth Charts for Children With Special Health Care Needs
Growth Measures for Extremities/Ear Above Eye Levels
Primary Teeth Eruption Chart
4. Blood Pressure
Blood Pressure Nomograms
Healthy Term Newborns During the First 12 Hours of Life
Preterm and Full-term Newborns During the First Day of Life (According to Birth Weight)
Preterm and Full-term Newborns During the First Day of Life (According to Gestational Age)         
Preterm and Full-term Newborns According to Post-conceptional Age
Children Younger Than 1 Year
Blood Pressure Levels for Boys by Age and Height Percentile
Blood Pressure Levels for Girls by Age and Height Percentile
5. Reference Range Values
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Clinical Chemistry
Newborn Clinical Chemistry
Hematology
Coagulation Tests
Healthy Full-term Infant During the First 6 Months of Life
Inhibition of Coagulation in the Healthy Full-term Infant During the First 6 Months of Life
Healthy Preterm Infants (30 to 36 Weeks' Gestation) During the First 6 Months of Life
Inhibition of Coagulation in Healthy Preterm Infants (30 to 36 Weeks' Gestation) During the First 6 Months of Life
Healthy Children Aged 1 to 16 Years Compared With Adults
Inhibition of Coagulation in Healthy Children Aged 1 to 16 Years Compared With Adults
Fibrinolytic System in Healthy Children Aged 1 to 16 Years Compared With Adults
Lymphocyte Subset Counts in Peripheral Blood
Thyroid Function Tests
Very Low Birth Weight Infants
Preterm Infants
Infants, Children, and Adults
Endocrine Laboratory Values
Growth Hormone Values
8 am Cortisol Levels
Serum 17 Hydroxyprogesterone
6. Hyperbilirubinemia Management
Risk Nomogram
Phototherapy Nomogram
Exchange Transfusion Nomogram
7. Rate and Gap Calculations
Glucose Infusion Rate
Calculated Serum Osmolality
Anion Gap
8. Nutrition, Formula Preparation, and Caloric Counts
Preparation of Infant Formula for Standard and Soy Formulas
Common Caloric Supplements
Enteral Formulas, Including Their Main Nutrient Components
Composition of Fluids Frequently Used in Oral Rehydration
Dietary Reference Intakes
Fluoride Sources and Supplementation
9. Umbilical Vein and Artery Catheterization Measurements
Using Birth Weight to Measure Catheter Length
Using Shoulder-Umbilical Length to Measure Umbilical Artery Catheter Length
Using Shoulder-Umbilical Length to Measure Umbilical Vein Catheter Length
10. Doses and Levels of Common Antibiotic and Antiseizure Medications
Antibiotics
Antiseizure
11. Appendixes
Acetaminophen Toxicity Nomogram
Rabies Guidelines
Immunization Schedules
Periodicity Schedule
French Catheter Scale