Physiology of Sport and Exercise

W. Larry Kenney, PhD, is the Marie Underhill Noll Chair in Human Performance and a professor of physiology and kinesiology at Pennsylvania State University at University Park. He received his PhD in physiology from Penn State in 1983. Working at Noll Laboratory, Kenney is researching the effects of aging and disease states such as hypertension on the control of blood flow to human skin and has been continuously funded by NIH since 1983. He also studies the effects of heat, cold, and dehydration on various aspects of health, exercise, and athletic performance as well as the biophysics of heat exchange between humans and the environment. He is the author of more than 200 papers, books, book chapters, and other publications. Kenney was president of the American College of Sports Medicine from 2003 to 2004. He is a fellow of the American College of Sports Medicine and is active in the American Physiological Society. For his service to the university and his field, Kenney was awarded Penn State University’s Faculty Scholar Medal, the Evan G. and Helen G. Pattishall Distinguished Research Career Award, and the Pauline Schmitt Russell Distinguished Research Career Award. He was awarded the American College of Sports Medicine’s New Investigator Award in 1987 and the Citation Award in 2008. Kenney has been a member of the editorial and advisory boards for several journals, including Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Current Sports Medicine Reports (inaugural board member), Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, Journal of Applied Physiology, Human Performance, Fitness Management, and ACSM’s Health & Fitness Journal (inaugural board member). He is also an active grant reviewer for the National Institutes of Health and many other organizations. He and his wife, Patti, have three children, all of whom are or were Division 1 college athletes. Jack H. Wilmore, PhD, retired in 2003 from Texas A&M University as a distinguished professor in the department of health and kinesiology. From 1985 to 1997, Wilmore was chair of the department of kinesiology and health education and the Margie Gurley Seay endowed centennial professor at the University of Texas at Austin. Before that, he served on the faculties at the University of Arizona, the University of California, and Ithaca College. Wilmore earned his PhD in physical education from the University of Oregon in 1966. Wilmore published 53 chapters, more than 320 peer-reviewed research papers, and 15 books on exercise physiology. He was one of five principal investigators for the Heritage Family Study, a large multicenter clinical trial investigating the possible genetic basis for the variability in the responses of physiological measures and risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes to endurance exercise training. Wilmore’s research interests included determining the role of exercise in the prevention and control of both obesity and coronary heart disease, determining the mechanisms accounting for alterations in physiological function with training and detraining, and factors limiting the performance of elite athletes. A former president of the American College of Sports Medicine, Wilmore received the American College of Sports Medicine’s Honor Award in 2006. In addition to serving as chair for many ACSM organizational committees, Wilmore was on the Uniteed States Olympic Committee’s Sports Medicine Council and chaired their Research Committee. He was a member of the American Physiological Society and a fellow and former president of the American Academy of Kinesiology and Physical Education. Wilmore consulted for several professional sport teams, the California Highway Patrol, the President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sport, NASA, and the U.S. Air Force. He has also served on editorial boards of several journals. Wilmore passed away during the preparation of this sixth edition. David L. Costill, PhD, is the emeritus John and Janice Fisher chair in exercise science at Ball State University in Muncie, Indiana. He established the Ball State University Human Performance Laboratory in 1966 and served as its director for more than 32 years. Costill has written and coauthored more than 430 publications over the course of his career, including six books and articles in both peer-reviewed and lay publications. He was the original editor in chief of the International Journal of Sports Medicine for 12 years. Between 1971 and 1998, he averaged 25 U.S. and international lecture trips each year. He was president of the ACSM from 1976 to 1977, a member of its board of trustees for 12 years, and a recipient of ACSM Citation and Honor Awards. He has received numerous other honors, including the Outstanding Professional Achievement Award from Ohio State University, the President’s Award at Ball State University, and the Distinguished Alumni Award from Cuyahoga Falls Public Schools. Many of his former students are now leaders in the fields of exercise physiology, medicine, and science. Costill received his PhD in physical education and physiology from Ohio State University in 1965. He and his wife of 55 years, Judy, have two daughters. Now retired, Dr. Costill is a private pilot, auto and experimental airplane builder, competitive masters swimmer, and former marathon runner.

Introduction: An Introduction to Exercise and Sport Physiology

Focus of Exercise and Sport Physiology

Acute and Chronic Responses to Exercise

The Evolution of Exercise Physiology

Research: The Foundation for Understanding

Part I. Exercising Muscle

Chapter 1. Structure and Function of Exercising Muscle

Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle

Muscle Fiber Contraction

Muscle Fiber Types

Skeletal Muscle and Exercise

Chapter 2. Fuel for Exercise: Bioenergetics and Muscle Metabolism

Energy Substrates

Controlling the Rate of Energy Production

Storing Energy: High-Energy Phosphates

The Basic Energy Systems

Interaction Among the Energy Systems

The Oxidative Capacity of Muscle

Chapter 3. Neural Control of Exercising Muscle

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

Sensory-Motor Integration

Chapter 4. Hormonal Control During Exercise

The Endocrine System

Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones: An Overview

Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism During Exercise

Hormonal Regulation of Fluid and Electrolytes During Exercise

Hormonal Regulation of Caloric Intake

Chapter 5. Energy Expenditure and Fatigue

Measuring Energy Expenditure

Energy Expenditure at Rest and During Exercise

Fatigue and Its Causes

Muscle Soreness and Muscle Cramps

Part II. Cardiovascular and Respiratory Function

Chapter 6. The Cardiovascular System and Its Control

Heart

Vascular System

Blood

Chapter 7. The Respiratory System and Its Regulation

Pulmonary Ventilation

Pulmonary Volumes

Pulmonary Diffusion

Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Blood

Gas Exchange at the Muscles

Regulation of Pulmonary Ventilation

Chapter 8. Cardiorespiratory Responses to Acute Exercise

Cardiovascular Responses to Acute Exercise

Respiratory Responses to Acute Exercise

Part III. Exercise Training

Chapter 9. Principles of Exercise Training

Terminology

General Principles of Training

Resistance Training Programs

Anaerobic and Aerobic Power Training Programs

Chapter 10. Adaptations to Resistance Training

Resistance Training and Gains in Muscular Fitness

Mechanisms of Gains in Muscle Strength

Interaction between Resistance Training and Diet

Resistance Training for Special Populations

Chapter 11. Adaptations to Aerobic and Anaerobic Training

Adaptations to Aerobic Training

Adaptations to Anaerobic Training

Adaptations to High-Intensity Interval Training

Specificity of Training and Cross-Training

Part IV. Environmental Influences on Performance

Chapter 12. Exercise in Hot and Cold Environments

Body Temperature Regulation

Physiological Responses to Exercise in the Heat

Health Risks During Exercise in the Heat

Acclimation to Exercise in the Heat

Exercise in the Cold

Physiological Responses to Exercise in the Cold

Health Risks During Exercise in the Cold

Chapter 13. Exercise at Altitude

Environmental Conditions at Altitude

Physiological Responses to Acute Altitude Exposure

Exercise and Sport Performance at Altitude

Acclimation: Chronic Exposure to Altitude

Altitude: Optimizing Training and Performance

Health Risks of Acute Exposure to Altitude

Part V. Optimizing Performance in Sport

Chapter 14. Training for Sport

Optimizing Training

Periodization of Training

Overtraining

Tapering for Peak Performance

Detraining

Chapter 15. Body Composition and Nutrition for Sport

Assessing Body Composition

Body Composition, Weight, and Sport Performance

Classification of Nutrients

Water and Electrolyte Balance

The Athlete’s Diet

Chapter 16. Ergogenic Aids in Sport

Researching Ergogenic Aids

Nutritional Ergogenic Aids

Anti-Doping Codes and Drug Testing

Prohibited Substances and Techniques

Part VI. Age and Sex Considerations in Sport and Exercise

Chapter 17. Children and Adolescents in Sport and Exercise

Growth, Development, and Maturation

Physiological Responses to Acute Exercise

Physiological Adaptations to Exercise Training

Physical Activity Patterns Among Youth

Sport Performance and Specialization

Special Issues

Chapter 18. Aging in Sport and Exercise

Height, Weight, and Body Composition

Physiological Responses to Acute Exercise

Physiological Adaptations to Exercise Training

Sport Performance

Special Issues

Chapter 19. Sex Differences in Sport and Exercise

Body Size and Composition

Physiological Responses to Acute Exercise

Physiological Adaptations to Exercise Training

Sport Performance

Special Issues

Part VII. Physical Activity for Health and Fitness

Chapter 20. Prescription of Exercise for Health and Fitness

Health Benefits of Exercise

Exercise Is Medicine

Medical Clearance

Exercise Prescription

Monitoring Exercise Intensity

Exercise Program

Exercise and Rehabilitation of People With Diseases

Chapter 21. Cardiovascular Disease and Physical Activity

Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease

Forms of Cardiovascular Disease

Understanding the Disease Process

Determining Individual Risk

Reducing Risk Through Physical Activity

Risk of Heart Attack and Death During Exercise

Exercise Training and Rehabilitating Patients With Heart Disease

Chapter 22. Obesity, Diabetes, and Physical Activity

Understanding Obesity

Weight Loss

Role of Physical Activity in Weight Management and Risk Reduction

Understanding Diabetes

Treatment of Diabetes

Role of Physical Activity in Diabetes