Small Animal Dental Equipment, Materials, and Techniques

Jan Bellows, DVM, is a dental and companion animal specialist seeing dental referrals at Hometown Animal Hospital and Dental Clinic in Weston, Florida, USA.

About the Author xvii


Foreword xix


Preface xxi


Acknowledgements xxiii


1 The Dental Operatory 1


Space 1


Electricity, Water, and Drainage 1


Ergonomics 2


The Operatory 2


Powered Dental Delivery Systems 6


Storage 11


Lighting 11


Dental Loupes (Telescopes) 13


Radiography 15


General Anesthesia 16


Patient Monitoring Devices 17


Regional Analgesia 26


Technique 28


Further Reading 32


2 Equipment, Instruments, and Materials for Operative Dentistry 37


Equipment and Material Recommendations Based on the Level of Dental Care 37


Diagnostics for Basic Dentistry 37


Dental Scaling, Irrigation and Polishing Equipment, Instruments, and Techniques 40


Dental Polishing Equipment and Materials 47


Extraction Instruments and Materials 50


Dental Handpieces 56


Maintenance of Dental Equipment 66


Homecare Products to Reduce the Accumulation of Plaque and Tartar (Calculus) 67


Other Homecare Products, Which May Decrease the Accumulation of Plaque and/or Tartar When Used Properly 68


Equipment and Materials for Advanced Dental Care 69


Obturating the Canal 72


College?Tipped Pliers to Handle the Paper and Gutta Percha Points 73


Restorative Materials Used in Advanced Dental Procedures 75


Advanced Periodontal and Oral Surgery 75


Lasers 75


Orthodontic Equipment and Materials Used in Advanced Dental Procedures 79


Orthodontic Buttons and Masel Chain Elastics 80


Further Reading 83


3 Oral Anatomy for the General Practitioner 87


The Oral Cavity 87


Mucosa 87


Muscles 87


Tongue 87


Innervation of the Oral Cavity 89


Blood Supply and Lymphatic Drainage 90


Salivary Glands 90


Periodontium 90


Cranium 95


Facium 95


Maxillae and Mandibles 95


Temporomandibular Joint 100


Teeth 100


Further Reading 112


4 Dental Radiography 113


Incorporating Dental Radiography into General Practice 113


Radiation Safety 113


Radiograph Equipment 113


Positioning 116


Radiograph Image Troubleshooting 128


Radiograph Interpretation 133


Periodontal Disease 137


Endodontic Disease 144


External Root Resorption 149


Further Reading 159


5 Charting 163


Two?/Four?Handed Charting 163


Step?By?Step Charting 163


Periodontal Indices 191


Dental Explorer 192


Furcation Disease Charting 194


Bleeding on Probing 194


Gingivitis Index 194


Tooth Mobility 194


Crown Pathology 198


Charting Abbreviations 212


Therapy Abbreviations 217


Further Reading 218


6 The Comprehensive Oral Prevention, Assessment, and Treatment Visit 221


Comprehensive Oral Prevention, Assessment, and Treatment (COPAT) 221


Case Volume 222


Workflow 222


Basic Treatment Options in Companion Animal Dentistry 227


Plaque and Calculus Prevention 230


Efficacy of Homecare Products 231


The Veterinary Oral Health Council 231


Efficacy Through Mechanical Action 232


Efficacy Through Nonmechanical Action 235


Efficacy Through Mechanical plus Nonmechanical Actions 236


Safety of Homecare Products 236


Gastrointestinal Inflammation 237


Safety Against Tooth Fracture 237


Scheduling the Next Professional Oral Hygiene Visit 237


Further Reading 238


7 Oropharyngeal Inflammation 243


Periodontal Diseases 243


Clinical Periodontal Diseases 245


Furcation Disease 259


Tooth Mobility 259


Periodontal Regeneration 264


Guided Tissue Regeneration 268


Mucositis - Inflammation of the Oral Mucosa 268


Stomatitis 273


Anti?Inflammatory Medication 276


Surgical Management of FCGS 277


Technique for Placement of Esophagostomy Feeding Tube in the Anesthetized Cat 278


Flap Design, Procedure, and Closure 279


Mandibular Canine Extraction Technique 284


Hemisection and Restoration 286


Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)?positive Cats with Feline Chronic Gingivitis Stomatitis 295


Further Reading 297


8 Tooth Resorption 305


Prevalence 305


Etiology 305


Terminology/Classification 305


Classification by Anatomical Location - Internal and External Resorption 306


Inflammatory External Resorption 306


Classification by Radiographic Appearance (Types) 309


Clinical Signs 310


Clinical Examination Findings 310


Radiographic Findings 311


Treatment of Tooth Resorption 313


Restoration 314


Monitoring Without Immediate Care 315


Crown/Root Atomization 315


Tooth Extraction 315


Crown Amputation with Intentional Partial Root Retention Followed by Gingival Closure 316


Further Reading 319


9 Oral Trauma 323


Anatomy and Physiology 323


Crown Wear - Abrasion and Attrition 323


The Traumatized Tooth 323


Endodontic Therapy 327


Age of the Patient 331


Materials for Endodontic Therapy 331


Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) 334


Instruments for Endodontic Therapy 334


Spatulas 342


Fundamental Endodontic Procedures 342


Standard (Conventional) Root Canal Therapy 344


Rotary Debridement 349


Crown Restoration 351


Oral Cavity Trauma 353


Principles of Jaw Fracture Repair 361


Treatment Planning and Options 361


Further Reading 365


10 Oral Masses 367


Identification and Staging of Oral Tumors 367


World Health Organization (WHO) Clinical Staging of Tumors of the Oral Cavity - Primary Tumor-Regional Nodes-Metastasis (TNM) System 367


Neoplasia Nomenclature 368


Tissue Sampling 369


Surgical Options to Treat Neoplasia 369


General Overview of Tumor Surgery 369


Benign Neoplasia 371


Osteomyelitis 381


Odontoma 381


Papilloma 381


Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex 381


Peripheral Odontogenic Fibroma 383


Amyloid?Producing Odontogenic Tumor 388


Traumatic Granulomas 388


Feline Pyogenic Granuloma 391


Oral Malignancy 391


Squamous Cell Carcinoma 394


Salivary Gland Pathology 407


Further Reading 416


11 Occlusal Disorders, Extra Teeth, and Missing Teeth 423


Angle Classification 423


Malocclusion - Dental and Skeletal 426


Skeletal Malocclusion 429


Ethics of Performing Veterinary Orthodontic Care 435


Interceptive Orthodontics 435


Extraction of the Malpositioned Tooth 439


Crown Reduction, Vital Pulp Therapy, and Tooth Restoration 441


Moving Teeth 441


Types of Forces Used to Move Teeth 441


Instrumentation for Orthodontic Care 445


Technique for Bracket Placement, Light Chemical Cementation, and Force Activation 446


Orthodontic Appliances 446


The Following are Steps of Orthodontic Therapy Using Appliances 446


Materials and Methods to Create a Dental Study Model 448


Obtaining the Impression 448


Creating Arch Impressions Using Alginate 448


Pouring the Stone Model 450


Water: Powder Ratio 450


Follow These Steps to Mix and Pour Stone 450


The Following are Steps to Pour the Stone Mixture onto the Impression 450


Preparing a Base for Each Cast 451


To Separate the Cast from the Alginate Impression 451


Trimming the Cast 452


Lab Instructions and Shipping 452


Inclined Planes 452


Further Reading 456


Glossary 459


Index 475