Dental Applications of Nanotechnology (eBook)

Dr. Ramesh S. Chaughule, Ex Scientist from Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India, is an Adjunct Professor at Ramnarain Ruia College, Mumbai India,  Research Advisor at Gogate Jogalekar College, Maharashtra, and a Fellow of Maharashtra Academy of Sciences. He is also the recipient of Indo-UK, Indo-USA, and Indo-Japan fellowships, and has more than 80 publications as papers and books in his field of research. He has also served on IAEA programs in Indonesia.

Foreword I 6
Foreword II 8
Preface 10
Contents 14
1 Nano-materials in Regenerative Pulp Treatment 16
1.1 The Construction of Tooth’s Tissues 16
1.2 Caries 17
1.3 Fluoride and Remineralization Process 19
1.4 Minimally Invasive Dentistry 19
1.5 Characteristics of Dental Biomaterials 22
1.6 Nano-materials 24
1.6.1 Nano-hydroxyapatite (Nano-HPA) 24
1.6.2 Nano-bioactive glass (Nano-BAG) 25
1.7 Summary 33
References 33
2 Nanobiomaterials and Their Role in Periodontal Rehabilitation 38
2.1 Introduction 38
2.1.1 Brief Introduction of Nanotechnology in Periodontics 38
2.2 Nanocrystalline Bone Grafts in Bone Regeneration 39
2.3 Preparation Methods of HA Nanoparticles 40
2.4 Nanotechnology and Dental Implants 46
2.5 Nanotechnology in the Management of Peri-implantitis 47
2.6 Nanomaterials for Periodontal Tissue Engineering 48
2.7 Conclusion 49
References 49
3 Advanced Nanomaterials and Their Functionalization in Clinical Endodontics 51
3.1 Introduction 51
3.1.1 Types of Nanotechnologies 51
3.1.2 Types of Nanoparticles (NPs) 52
3.1.3 Properties of Nanoparticles 52
3.2 Nanotechnology in Medicine 52
3.3 Nanotechnology and Nanobiomaterials in Dentistry 53
3.4 Nanotechnology in Endodontics 53
3.4.1 Radiography 55
3.4.2 Local Anesthesia 55
3.4.3 Dentin Hypersensitivity 55
3.4.4 Cleaning of Endodontic Instruments 55
3.4.5 Root Canal Disinfection: Nanoparticle-Based Disinfection 56
3.4.6 Endodontic Filling Materials 56
3.4.7 Root Canal Disinfection 59
3.4.8 Functionalization/Conjugation 60
3.4.9 Dentin Stabilization 60
3.4.10 Endodontic Filling Materials 61
3.4.11 Temporization 64
3.5 Nanobiomaterials in Endodontics 64
3.5.1 Vital Pulp Therapy 64
3.5.2 Regenerative Endodontics 65
3.5.3 Endodontic Surgery 65
3.6 Conclusion 66
References 66
4 Nanocomposites and Their Use in Dentistry 72
4.1 Introduction 72
4.2 History of Composite Materials 73
4.3 Dental Composite Materials 73
4.3.1 Dental Resin Matrix 74
4.3.2 Fillers 77
4.3.3 Coupling Agents 82
4.3.4 Photo-Initiating Agents 85
4.4 Nanotechnology in Dentistry 85
4.4.1 Need of Nanotechnology 85
4.4.2 Nano in Composite Resins 86
4.4.3 Current Progress 88
4.5 Challenges and Future Outlook 89
References 90
5 Applications of Nanoparticles in Orthodontics 93
5.1 Background 93
5.1.1 Introduction 93
5.1.2 Definitions 94
5.1.3 Historical Background 94
5.2 Shapes and Types of Nanoparticles 95
5.2.1 Carbon-Based Materials 95
5.2.2 Metal-Based Materials 98
5.2.3 Dendrimers 98
5.2.4 Nanocomposites 98
5.3 Properties of Nanoparticles 99
5.4 Synthesis of Nanoparticles 100
5.5 Applications of Nanoparticles in Dentistry 101
5.6 Applications of Nanoparticles in Orthodontics 102
5.6.1 Application as Antimicrobial Agent 103
5.6.2 Application as Lubricating Agent to Reduce Friction 104
5.6.3 Fabrication of Hollow Wires 106
5.6.4 Fabrication of Orthodontic Brackets 107
5.6.5 Use of Nanoparticles in Evolving the Cell-Matrix Interface 107
5.6.6 Nanomaterials as Nanofillers in Orthodontics 109
5.6.7 Nanoparticles as Enamel Remineralizing Agents 109
5.6.8 Self-healing Materials 109
5.6.9 Nanoparticles in Bioimaging 110
5.7 Mechanism of Action of Various Nanoparticles 110
5.8 Toxicity 110
5.9 Conclusion 112
References 113
6 Nanomaterials: A Boon to Prosthodontics 118
6.1 Introduction 118
6.2 Nanoparticles in Denture Base Resins (Polymethyl Methacrylate)—PMMA 120
6.2.1 Denture Stomatitis or Candidiasis 120
6.3 Silver Nanoparticles in Tissue Conditioners 122
6.4 Nanoparticles in Impression Materials 123
6.5 Nanoceramics 124
6.6 Luting Cements and Nanoparticles 125
6.7 Dental Adhesives 125
6.8 Silver Nanoparticles in Maxillofacial Prosthesis 126
6.9 Silver Nanoparticles in Dental Implants 126
6.10 Conclusion 127
References 127
7 Nanomaterials: The Changing Phase of Prosthodontics 131
7.1 Introduction 131
7.1.1 Approaches in Nanotechnology 132
7.1.2 Synthesis of Nanomaterials in Prosthodontics 132
7.2 Application of Nanodentistry in Prosthodontics 133
7.2.1 Nanoparticles in Resin Polymethyl Methacrylate 134
7.2.2 Nanoceramic Materials 135
7.2.3 Nanoparticles in Impression Material 137
7.2.4 Nanoparticles in Maxillofacial Materials 137
7.2.5 Nanoparticles in Hybrid Resin Luting Cement 138
7.2.6 Nanometal Material and Dental Implants 138
7.2.7 Nanoparticles in Tissue Conditioner 140
7.3 Summary 140
References 140
8 Nanostructures in Dentistry: In Diagnosis, Drug Delivery and Oral Cancer Therapy, and their Biocompatibility 143
8.1 Introduction 143
8.1.1 Nanotechnology 143
8.1.2 Principle of Nanotechnology 144
8.1.3 Advantages of Using Nanotechnology in Dentistry 144
8.1.4 Applications of Nanotechnology in Dentistry 145
8.2 Nanomedicine 145
8.2.1 Types of Nanotechnologies in Nanomedicine 146
8.2.2 Nanosensors 146
8.2.3 Nanophase Materials 146
8.2.4 Nanorobots 146
8.3 Nanotechnology in Dentistry: Approaches to Nanotechnology 148
8.3.1 Bottom-up Approach (Self-assembly) 148
8.3.2 Top-Down Approach 148
8.3.3 The Functional Approach 149
8.3.4 The Biomimetic Approaches 149
8.3.5 Speculative 149
8.4 Therapeutic Nanostructures in Dentistry 149
8.4.1 Nanomaterials 151
8.4.2 Classification of Nanomaterials 151
8.4.3 Nanostructures Used in Dentistry 152
8.5 Nanodiagnostics: Diagnosis of Oral Cancer and Other Diseases 155
8.5.1 Advantages of Using Nanodiagnostics 155
8.5.2 Various Techniques Used in Nanodiagnosis 155
8.6 Nanoencapsulation and Nanotherapeutics— Nanoparticles as Dental Drug Delivery Systems 157
8.6.1 Advantages of Nanoparticles as Dental Drug Delivery Systems 158
8.6.2 Drug Delivery by Liposomes 158
8.6.3 Nanoencapsulation 159
8.7 Nanobiomaterials in Oral Cancer Therapy 159
8.7.1 Nanoshells 159
8.7.2 Dendrimers 159
8.7.3 Nanomaterials for Brachytherapy 160
8.7.4 Gene Therapy 160
8.8 Challenges Faced by Nanotechnology 160
8.9 Biocompatibility of Nanaomaterials 160
8.9.1 Biological Consequences of Nanomaterials 161
8.9.2 Regulations for Control 161
8.10 Future Perspective of Nanotechnology in Dentistry 162
8.11 Conclusion 162
References 163
9 Nanotechnology in Orthodontics—Futuristic Approach 165
9.1 Introduction 165
9.1.1 Definition 165
9.1.2 Classification of Nanomaterials 166
9.1.3 Approaches Followed in Production of Nanoparticles 166
9.2 Nanotechnology and Orthodontic Archwires 166
9.2.1 Nanocoatings in Archwires 167
9.2.2 Shape-Memory esthetic Polymer Wires 167
9.2.3 Hollow NiTi Wires 168
9.3 Nanotechnology and Orthodontic Adhesives 169
9.3.1 Reduced Polymerization Shrinkage and Increased Mechanical Properties 169
9.3.2 Literature Review of Nanocomposites 169
9.3.3 What Are Nanocomposites? 170
9.3.4 Advantages of Nanocomposites 170
9.4 Nanotechnology and Elastomeric Ligatures 170
9.5 Nanoenamel Remineralization Agents in Orthodontics 171
9.5.1 Antibacterial Nanoparticles 171
9.5.2 Review of Nanoenamel Remineralization Agents and Antibacterial Properties 172
9.6 Nanotechnology and Orthodontic Miniscrews 174
9.6.1 Nanoparticles in Miniscrews to Prevent Infection of Implants 174
9.6.2 Ideal Mini-Implant Surface Using Nanoparticles 175
9.7 Nanotechnology for Rapid Tooth Movement in Orthodontics 176
9.7.1 Terminologies 176
9.7.2 Application of Bio-MEMS and NEMS 176
9.8 Nanotechnology for Bone Growth and Prevention of Root Resorption in Orthodontics 177
9.8.1 NanoLIPUS Devices for Bone Growth 177
9.8.2 NanoLIPUS Devices to Prevent Root Resorption in Orthodontics 177
9.9 Nanotechnology and Orthodontic Brackets 178
9.9.1 Smart Brackets with Nanomechanical Sensors 178
9.9.2 Nanorobotics Coupled with Smart Brackets—Futuristic Approach 178
9.10 Probable Risks of Nanotechnology 179
9.11 Conclusion 179
References 180
10 Nanobiomaterials and Their Application in Prosthodontics 186
10.1 Introduction 186
10.1.1 Nanotechnology Definition 187
10.1.2 Historical Review 187
10.1.3 Classification of Nanomaterials 188
10.1.4 Approaches in Nanotechnology 188
10.2 Need for Nanotechnology in Dentistry 189
10.3 Applications of Nanotechnology 191
10.4 Nanobiomaterials in Prosthodontics 191
10.4.1 Removable Prosthodontics 192
10.4.2 Tooth-Supported Fixed Prosthodontics 195
10.4.3 Implant-Supported Fixed Prosthodontics 205
10.5 Social Implications 208
10.6 Conclusion 208
References 209
11 Nanomaterials for the Management of Periodontal Diseases 211
11.1 Introduction 211
11.2 Nanorobotic Dentifrices 211
11.3 Hypersensitivity Management 212
11.4 Drug Delivery 213
11.4.1 Nanoparticles 214
11.5 Anti-biofilm Approaches 215
11.5.1 Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles 217
11.5.2 Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) 217
11.5.3 Nano-hydroxyapatite-Modified Surfaces 219
11.5.4 Other Coatings with Anti-adhesion and Antibacterial Properties 219
11.6 Role of Nano-proresolving Medicines in Management of Periodontal Diseases 220
11.7 Conclusion 220
References 220
12 Oral Biofilms: From Development to Assessment and Treatment 224
12.1 Introduction 224
12.1.1 Variables Related to Cell Adhesion and Biofilm Formation 225
12.1.2 Biofilm Architecture 227
12.2 Biofilms in the Oral Cavity 227
12.3 Controlling Biofilms 230
12.4 In Vitro Biofilm Quantification 231
12.5 Nanoparticulate Metals as Antimicrobial Agents 231
12.5.1 Silver 232
12.5.2 Copper (Cu) 235
12.5.3 Gold 235
12.6 Nanoparticulate Metal Oxide 236
12.6.1 Copper Oxide 236
12.6.2 Zinc Oxide 236
12.6.3 Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) 237
12.7 Anti-adhesive Nanoparticles 237
12.7.1 Chitosan 237
12.7.2 Silica Nanoparticles 238
12.8 Surface-Modified Silica Nanoparticles 239
12.9 Bioglasses and Bioceramics 239
12.10 Photodynamic Therapy and the Use of Nanoparticles to Control Oral Biofilms 240
12.11 Biofilm Removal in Dental Unit Water Lines 242
12.11.1 Nanotechnology for Water Decontamination 242
12.11.2 Other Techniques 244
12.11.3 Disadvantages of Using Nanotechnology for Water Treatment 246
12.12 Conclusion 246
References 246
13 Physical Properties and Biocompatibility of Nanostructural Biomaterials Based on Active Calcium Silicate Systems and Hydroxyapatite 254
13.1 Introduction 254
13.2 New Nanostructured Biomaterials 255
13.3 Physical Properties 256
13.3.1 Solubility 256
13.3.2 Marginal Microleakage 258
13.3.3 The Bond Strength to Dentin 259
13.4 Biocompatibility 261
13.4.1 Genotoxicity 262
13.4.2 Cytotoxicity 263
13.5 Bioinductivity 266
13.5.1 Direct Pulp Capping in Rabbits 267
13.5.2 Direct Pulp Capping in Vietnamese Pigs 270
13.6 Conclusion 275
References 275
14 Correction to: Advanced Nanomaterials and Their Functionalization in Clinical Endodontics 279
Correction to: Chapter 3 in: R. S. Chaughule (ed.), Dental Applications of Nanotechnology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97634-1_3 279
Index 280