Photochemistry for Biomedical Applications (eBook)

Yoshihiro ItoChief Scientist and DirectorNano Medical Engineering LaboratoryRIKENWako, JapanProfessional ActivitiesJapanese Society of Polymer Sciences（2002-2004: Chairman of Research group for Biomedical Polymers, 2006-present: Director at Kanto Area）Japanese Society for Biomaterials（2001-present: Council）Japanese Association for Animal Cell Technology（1999-2000,2010: Member of Organizing Committee for International Congress, 2009-2010: Council）Association of Combinatorial Bioengineering (2000-present: Secretary)Japanese Biochemical SocietyThe Biophysical Society of JapanThe Chemical Society of JapanAmerican Chemical SocietyJapanese Society for Artificial Organs（2011-present: Council）Japan Society of Drug Delivery System (2006-present: Council)Japan Bioindustry AssociationThe Japanese Society for Regenerative Medicine (2010-present: Council)The Society for Biotechnology, Japan (2007-present: Council)Editorial BoardJournal of BiochemistryBiophysics (Japanese)BiomacromoleculesNanomaterials Awards2009 The Award of Japanese Society of Biomaterials2012 Fellow, Biomaterials Science and Engineering

Part I   Photochemistry and photo-fabricationChapter 1 Photochemistry1-1 Introduction1-2 Photochemistry1-2-1 Energy diagram1-2-2 Electronic structures1-2-3 Electronic transition1-2-4 Absorption and excitation spectra1-2-5 Photochemical reactions1-2-5-1 Reactions1-2-5-2 Sensitizer1-3 Light source1-4 Light and medicine Chapter 2 Photochemical processed materials2-1 Photochemical processes for polymeric materials2-1-1 Photo-polymerization2-1-1-1  Polymerization mechanism2-1-1-2 Photo-initiators2-1-1-3 Visible-light initiators2-1-1-4 Macromolecular photoinitiator2-1-1-5 Photo-iniferter2-1-2 Photo-reactive polymers2-1-2-1 Photo-reactive groups2-1-2-2 Photo-reactive polymer by polymerizationA Synthetic polymersB Natural polymers2-2       Photo-degradation Chapter 3 Photo-fabrication3-1 Introduction3-2 Planar fabrication and 2D structuring3-2-1 Micro-patterning3-2-2 Undeformative processing3-2-3 Additive processing3.2.3.A Surface modification“Grafting-to”“Grafting-from”Controlled/living graftingPhoto-iniferter graft polymerizationTopological 2D patterning3.2.3.B Deposition and transfer of biomaterialsPulsed laser deposition (PLD)Laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT)3.2.4  Substrate processingPhoto-ablationSurface nano-structuring3-3  3D structure and volume processing3.3.1 Stereolithography3.3.2 Ultrafast laser 3D fabrication3.3.2.A Principle of 3D fabrication by ultrafast laser3.3.2.B Undeformative 3D fabrication3.3.2.C Subtractive 3D fabrication3.3.2.D Additive 3D fabrication (two-photon polymerization)Medical and tissue engineering applications3D printing of proteins3.3.2.E Hybrid 3D fabrication3-4 Conculsions Part II   Applications for diagnosticsChapter 4 Microarray chips (in vitro diagnosis) 4-1       introduction4-2       Microarrays for gene analysis4-3       Microarrays for protein analyses4-4       Other Microarrays4-5       Automated Systems  Chapter 5 Clinical Diagnostic Imaging 5-1 Introduction5-2 Targeting5-2-1 Targeting methodology for clinical image diagnosis5-2-2 Contrast agent targeting for clinical image diagnosis5-2-3 Characteristics of photochemical contrast agent systems 5-3 Carriers used for imaging diagnosis5-3-1 Polymeric materials5-3-2 Dendrimers5-3-3 Liposomes5-3-4 Polymeric micelles5-3-5 Metal nanoparticlesa Quantum dotsb Silica nanoparticlesc Gold nanoparticlesd Iron oxide nanoparticles 5-4 Applications of optical imaging5-4-1 Categories of optical imaging agents for medical diagnoses5-4-2 Recent advanced developments in optical techniques for imaging diagnoses5-4-3 Near-Infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imagingA Non-targeted contrast agentsB Non-targeted activatable agentsC Targeted agentsD Clinical applications5-4-4 Photoacoustic tomography5-4-5 Raman spectroscopy (surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, SERS) Part III   Applications for therapeuticsChapter 6 Surface modification for medical devices6.1 Introduction6.2 Non-biofouling/biofouling micropatterned surface6.2.1 Synthetic polymer6.2.1.1 Amphiphilic polymer6.2.1.1a Cell spreading and adhesive areas6.2.1.1b Cell geometry6.2.1.1c Cell protrusion6.2.1.1d Cell density and cell-cell interaction6.2.1.1e Cell orientation6.2.1.2 Zwitterionic polymer6.2.1.3 Stimuli-responsive polymer6.2.2  Natural polymer6.2.2.1 Protein6.2.2.2 Polysaccharide6.3 Biologically active surfaces6.3.1 Cell adhesion enhancement6.3.2 Cell growth enhancement6.3.2.1 Direct immobilization of growth factor6.3.2.2 Indirect immobilization of growth factor6.3.3  Other cellular activations6.3.3.1 Neural extension6.3.3.2 Differentiation6.3.3.2a With biosignaling molecules6.3.3.2b Without biosignaling molecules6.3.3.3 Stem cell culture Chapter 7 Dental resin1. Introduction2. The structure of tooth3. The history of dental resin developing4. The dental adhesive resin5. Curing system6. Toxicity of dental resin7. Research opportunities Chapter 8 Bioadhesives and Biosealants1. Introduction2. UV curable2.1 Synthetic polymer2.1a Acrylate-based2.1b Epoxy-based2.1c Thiol-ene-based2.2 Natural polymer2.2a Protein2.2b Polysaccharidei) Hyaluronic acidii) Alginateiii) Chitosaniv) Dextran3 Visible light curable3-1 Synthetic polymer3.2 Natural polymer3.2a Protein3.2b Polysaccharide3.3c Direct curing with dye4  Infrared curable Chapter 9 Drug delivery systems9-1 Introduction9-2 Photo-crosslinkable system9-2-1 Synthetic polymers9.2.1.1 Non-biodegradable polymers9.2.1.2 Biodegradable polymers9.2.2 Natural polymers9-2-2-1 Protein-base9-2-2-2 Polysaccharide-base9-3 Photo-triggered release system9.3.1 Non-photodegradable matrixUV/visible systemPhotothermal system9.3.2 Photo-degradable9.3.2.1 Matrix degradableMain chainCrosslinkerSide chainNIR9.4 Mutiple-triggered release system Chapter 10 Photo-crosslinkable Hydrogels for Tissue engineering Applications1. Introduction2. Artificial and acellular scaffold2.1 Gel or prosthesis2.2 Solid matrix3. Cell-laden scaffold Chapter 11 Photodynamic therapy1.         Polymer for photodynamic therapy2.         Targeting tumor through enhanced permeability and retention effect (EPR effect)3.         Polymer design for EPR effect4.         Polymer design for active targeting 5.         Conclusion