Building Evidence for Active Ageing Policies (eBook)

Asghar Zaidi is Professor in International Social Policy at University of Southampton, UK, Visiting Professor at London School of Economics, UK and Senior Advisor at European Centre in Vienna, Austria.Sarah Harper is Professor of Gerontology and Director of the Oxford Institute of Population Ageing at University of Oxford, UK.Kenneth Howse is Senior Research Fellow at the Oxford Institute of Population Ageing, University of Oxford, UK.Giovanni Lamura is a social gerontologist with an international and interdisciplinary background, and works at Italian National Institute of Health and Science on Ageing.Jolanta Perek-Białas is a graduate of Warsaw School of Economics, Poland, and currently works at the Institute of Statistics and Demography there.

Contents 5
List of Figures 9
List of Tables 15
1: Towards an Evidence-Based Active Ageing Strategy 20
1.1 Introduction 20
1.2 Use of AAI for Policymaking 23
1.3 Subnational Adaptations of the AAI 25
1.4 Comparative Analysis of Active Ageing 27
1.5 Methodological Improvements in Measuring Active Ageing 28
1.6 Use of Active Ageing Index in Non-EU Countries 30
References 32
Part I: Building Evidence for Active Ageing Policies Active Ageing Index and its Potential 35
2: Are Societies with a High Value on the Active Ageing Index More Age Integrated? 36
2.1 Background 36
2.2 Conditions for Cross-age Interaction 38
2.2.1 Laws and Policies 38
2.2.2 Settings 39
2.2.3 Controls 40
2.3 Cross-age Interaction and Ageism 40
2.4 Method 41
2.4.1 Data 41
2.4.2 Measures 41
2.4.3 Analytical Strategy 43
2.5 Results 44
2.5.1 AAI and Settings Enabling Cross-age Interactions 44
2.5.2 Determinants of Cross-age Friendships 46
2.5.3 Cross-age Friendship and Ageism 50
2.6 Conclusion 50
References 53
3: The Expected, Evaluated, Perceived, Valued and Prevalent Social Roles of Older People: Are They by Consent? 55
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 The Demography-Related Context and Roles Older People Are Expected to Play in Actively Ageing Societies 56
3.3 Social Roles in Higher Age 57
3.3.1 The Active Ageing Index as an Evaluation of Role Performance on the National Level 57
3.3.2 Roles to Play: As “Society” Sees It 58
3.3.3 Preferred Roles: From the Perspective of Older People Themselves 61
3.4 Expected, Evaluated, Perceived and Valued Roles: Are They by Consent? 62
3.5 Roles Played 64
3.6 Conclusions and Discussion 64
References 69
4: The Active Ageing Index (AAI) and its Relation to the Quality of Life of Older Adults 71
4.1 Introduction 71
4.2 Methods, Data and Variables 74
4.3 Results 76
4.4 Discussion 84
References 87
5: Complementing AAI at the Meso Level: The Silver Work Index 91
5.1 Introduction 91
5.2 Theoretical Background 93
5.3 Method 95
5.3.1 Procedure and Participants 95
5.3.2 Qualitative Data Analysis 96
5.4 Results 97
5.5 Discussion and Implications 104
5.5.1 Implications 106
5.5.2 Limitations and Future Research 107
References 108
Part II: Subnational Adaptations of the AAI 111
6: The Active Ageing Index in a Southern European Region (Biscay): Main Results and Potentials for Policymaking 112
6.1 Introduction 112
6.2 Methodology 113
6.2.1 Calculation of the AAI Through a Combined Methodology: Primary and Secondary Data 114
6.3 Results 115
6.4 Conclusions 121
6.4.1 What Is the Position of Biscay in Relation to Other Countries in the European Union? 121
6.4.2 What Are the Methodological Challenges and Limitations for the Calculation of AAI at Subregional Level? 122
6.4.3 Current Limitations and Future Proposals for Advancing with the AAI 123
Appendix 1. Data Sources, Years and Sample Sizes for Each Indicator of the AAI (2012–2014) 124
Appendix 2. Results in Biscay, EU28 Average and Each EU Country by Domain 127
Employment 127
Participation in Society 127
Independent and Secure Living 128
Capacity for Active Ageing 128
References 129
7: Evaluating Socio-economic Impact of Age-Friendly Environments 131
7.1 Introduction 131
7.2 Methodology 134
7.3 Results: The SEE-IT 135
7.3.1 Step 1: Aim of the SEE-IT 137
7.3.2 Step 2: Scope of the SEE-IT 138
7.3.3 Step 3: Assessing Impacts 140
7.3.4 Step 4: Interpreting/Conclusions 144
7.3.5 Step 5: Presenting Results 144
7.4 Discussion and Conclusions 144
References 149
8: The Active Ageing Index: A Tool to Develop the Strategy of Active Ageing in the Basque Country (Spain) 153
8.1 Introduction 153
8.2 Research Context 155
8.3 Objectives 157
8.4 Methodology 158
8.5 Results 161
8.6 Discussion 168
8.7 Conclusions 174
Scores of the Active Ageing Index (AAI) and its domains in the Basque Country, Spain, and the 28 countries of the European Union (EU-28) 175
References 176
9: Greying Italy Across Time, Space, and Gender 180
9.1 Introduction 180
9.2 Results 182
9.2.1 Domain 1: Employment 182
9.2.2 Domain 2: Participation in Society 186
9.2.3 Domain 3: Independent, Healthy, and Secure Living 189
9.2.4 Domain 4: Capacity for Active Ageing 189
9.3 Overall Value of AAI 194
9.4 Conclusions 198
References 201
Part III: Comparative Analysis of Active Ageing 203
10: Differences in Active Ageing Index in Eastern European Countries: A Comparison of Poland and the Czech Republic 204
10.1 Introduction 204
10.2 Background Information 207
10.2.1 Demographic Situation in Poland and the Czech Republic 207
10.2.2 Active Aging Policies in Poland and the Czech Republic 208
10.3 Active Ageing Index 208
10.4 Results 209
10.4.1 Difference in the AAI in the Czech Republic and Poland 209
10.4.2 Economic Performance 211
10.4.3 Employment 211
10.4.4 Participation in Society 213
10.4.5 Independent, Healthy and Secure Living 215
10.5 Discussion and Policy Implications 216
References 218
11: Ageing in a Multicultural Europe: Perspectives and Challenges 221
11.1 Introduction 221
11.2 Methodology 224
11.3 Results 225
11.3.1 First Domain: Employment 225
11.3.2 Second Domain: Participation in Society 227
11.3.3 Third Domain: Independent, Healthy and Secure Living 230
11.3.4 Fourth Domain: Capacity and Enabling Environment for Active Ageing 232
11.3.5 Overall Index 234
11.4 Conclusion and Discussion 236
Appendix 238
References 245
12: Estimating Weights for the Active Ageing Index (AAI) from Stated Preferences: Proposal for a Discrete Choice Experiment (DCE) 248
12.1 Introduction 248
12.2 Estimating Preference-based Weights for the AAI 250
12.3 Designing a DCE to Estimate Preference-­based AAI Weights 253
12.3.1 Problem Definition: Characterising the Choice Decision 254
12.3.2 Identifying Attributes and Attribute Levels 255
12.3.3 Experimental Design and Construction of Choice Sets 256
12.3.4 Questionnaire Development and Model Estimation 259
12.4 Discussion and Conclusion 260
References 262
Part IV: Methodological Improvements in Measuring Active Ageing 268
13: A Cross-country and Cohort Analysis of Active Ageing Differences Among the Elderly in Europe 269
13.1 Introduction 269
13.2 The Active Ageing Index 271
13.3 Analysis of Cohorts 278
13.3.1 Disentangling the AAI 278
13.3.2 Explaining Country Differences 286
13.4 Conclusions 295
Appendix 296
References 301
14: Active Ageing Typologies: A Latent Class Analysis of the Older Europeans 303
14.1 Introduction 303
14.2 Data 306
14.3 Method 308
14.4 Results 309
14.4.1 Descriptive Results 309
14.4.2 LCA Analysis 310
14.5 Concluding Remarks 314
Appendix 316
References 317
15: How Relevant is Active Ageing? Evidence from Portugal 320
15.1 Introduction 320
15.2 Literature Review 322
15.3 Data Source and Methodology 324
15.4 The Individual Active Ageing Index 327
15.4.1 The Determinants of Active Ageing 332
15.5 Conclusions 333
Annex 1 335
Annex 2 337
Annex 3 340
Annex 4 341
References 346
16: Study on Active Ageing at Individual Level Based on Active Ageing Index 349
16.1 Introduction 349
16.2 Method 352
16.2.1 Design 352
16.2.2 Participants 352
16.2.3 Variables and Instrument 352
16.2.4 Procedure 356
16.3 Results 356
16.4 Discussion 363
References 365
Part V: Use of Active Ageing Index in Non-EU Countries 368
17: Comparative Study of Active Ageing in China and the EU Countries 369
17.1 Introduction 369
17.2 Data: China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study 371
17.3 AAI and Four Domains in China 373
17.3.1 Employment 376
17.3.2 Participation in Society 377
17.3.3 Independent, Healthy and Secure Living 378
17.3.4 Capacity and Enabling Environment for Active Ageing 379
17.4 Policy Implications 381
17.4.1 Employment of the Older Population in China 382
17.4.2 The Old-Age Security System in China 383
17.4.3 Challenges and Policy Recommendations 384
17.5 Conclusion and Future Work 385
References 386
18: Quality of Life of the Elderly and Applicability of the Active Ageing Index to Latin American Countries 389
18.1 Introduction 389
18.2 Methods 391
18.2.1 Data Sources 391
18.2.2 Quality of Life of the Elderly Index 392
18.2.3 Active Ageing Index 397
18.3 Results 397
18.3.1 Quality of Life of the Elderly Index 397
18.3.2 Applicability of the AAI to Latin America 400
18.3.2.1 First Domain: Employment 400
18.3.2.2 Second Domain: Participation in Society 401
18.3.2.3 Third Domain: Independent, Healthy and Secure Living 402
18.3.2.4 Fourth Domain: Capacity and Enabling Environment for Active Ageing 403
18.4 Discussion 404
Appendix 1 406
Appendix 2 408
References 410
19: Active Ageing Index: A Russian Study 412
19.1 Introduction 412
19.2 Method 415
19.3 Results 415
19.3.1 Employment of Older People 420
19.3.2 Participation in Society 421
19.3.3 Independent and Secure Living of Older People 424
19.3.4 Capacity and Enabling Environment for Active Ageing 426
19.4 Russian Regions 427
19.5 Discussion and Conclusion 433
References 436
20: Active Ageing Index (AAI) in India: Is the Approach Used in European Countries Applicable to Developing Countries? 439
20.1 Introduction 439
20.2 Background and Context of Ageing in India 441
20.2.1 Ageing and Ageism in India 441
20.2.2 Ageism in India 443
20.3 The Active Ageing Framework and Index 445
20.3.1 The WHO Active Ageing Framework and the Emergence of the AAI 445
20.3.2 Domains of Active Ageing Index in the Indian Context 447
20.3.3 Critical Evaluation of the Construction of the Active Ageing Index 448
20.4 Data Source and Methodology 448
20.5 Results and Discussion 451
20.5.1 Overall and Domain-Specific AAI by State and Gender 451
20.5.2 Comparison of the AAI Indian Score with European Scores 454
20.5.3 Applicability of the AAI in Indian Setting 456
20.5.3.1 Employment in Later Life in India and Its Contribution to the AAI 456
20.5.3.2 Intergenerational Support in India 458
20.5.3.3 Unmet Need for Health Care in Later Life 460
20.6 Summary and Conclusion 461
References 462
Index 466