100 Cases in Clinical Ethics and Law

Carolyn Johnston, LLB, LLM, MA, PhD, adviser in medical law and ethics, School of Medical Education, King's College London; senior lecturer, Kingston University; and member of the Institute of Medical Ethics Education Steering Group, UKPenelope Bradbury, MBBS, MA, BSc, MRCGP, GP partner at The Witterings Medical Centre, and GP associate in accident and emergency medicine, Chichester, UK100 Cases Series Editor:Janice Rymer, MD, FRCOG, FRANZCOG, FHEA, dean of student affairs and lead for Twinned Institutions, and professor of gynaecology, King's College School of Medicine, London, UK

Section 1: Ethical Principles 1. Case 1: Principlism 2. Case 2: Consequentialism 3. Case 3: Deontology 4. Case 4: Virtue Ethics 5. Case 5: Casuistry 6. Case 6: Narrative Ethics 7. Case 7: Rights and Duties Section 2: Ethics and Law in Clinical Practice: How to Deal with an Ethical Dilemma in Clinical Practice Section 3: Ethics and Law in Clinical Practice: Beginning of Life 8. Case 8: In Vitro Fertilisation 9. Case 9: Same-Sex Parenting 10. Case 10: Surrogacy 11. Case 11: Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis 12. Case 12: Moral Status of the Foetus 13. Case 13: Termination of Pregnancy 14. Case 14: Conscientious Objection 15. Case 15: Pre-Natal Injury 16. Case 16: Neonatal Care: Legal and Ethical Issues Section 4: Ethics and Law in Clinical Practice: Children and Adolescents 17. Case 17: Parental Responsibility and Consent 18. Case 18: Parental Refusal of Treatment 19. Case 19: Request for Non-Therapeutic Treatment 20. Case 20: Assessing Competence in Children 21. Case 21: Underage Contraception 22. Case 22: Adolescent Refusal of Life-Sustaining Treatment 23. Case 23: Non-Engagement with Therapeutic Medication 24. Case 24: Withholding Information from a Child Section 5: Ethics and Law in Clinical Practice: Consent, Capacity and Refusal of Treatment 25. Case 25: Valid Consent to Treatment 26. Case 26: Adult Capacity to Consent to Treatment 27. Case 27: Consent and HIV 28. Case 28: Consent and Coercion 29. Case 29: Examination under Anaesthesia 30. Case 30: Refusal of Treatment 31. Case 31: Consent and Emergencies 32. Case 32: Assessment of Best Interests 33. Case 33: Deprivation of Liberty Section 6: Ethics and Law in Clinical Practice: Confidentiality 34. Case 34: Confidentiality 35. Case 35: Confidentiality and Children 36. Case 36: Access to Healthcare Information 37. Case 37: Confidentiality and HIV 38. Case 38: Use of Interpreters 39. Case 39: Disclosing Genetic Information 40. Case 40: Genetic Testing of Children for Adult-Onset Conditions Section 7: Ethics and Law in Clinical Practice: Negligence 41. Case 41: Standard of Care and Negligence 42. Case 42: Provision of Information 43. Case 43: Out of Your Depth 44. Case 44: Reporting Concerns 45. Case 45: Making Mistakes and Incident Forms 46. Case 46: Complaints Section 8: Ethics and Law in Clinical Practice: Mental Health 47. Case 47: When to Section a Patient under the Mental Health Act 48. Case 48: Appropriate and Effective Treatment under the Mental Health Act 49. Case 49: Medical Treatment for Patients with a Mental Health Disorder 50. Case 50: Conflict in Treatment Aims 51. Case 51: Treatment for Eating Disorders 52. Case 52: Personal Identity 53. Case 53: Self-Harm 54. Case 54: Covert Medication Section 9: Ethics and Law in Clinical Practice: Public Health 55. Case 55: Patients’ Responsibility for Health and Resource Allocation 56. Case 56: Managing Patient Expectations 57. Case 57: Requests for Expensive Medical Treatment 58. Case 58: Prophylactic Surgery 59. Case 59: Screening Programmes 60. Case 60: Childhood Immunisation 61. Case 61: Professional Responsibility to Discuss Obesity 62. Case 62: Incentives for Treatment and Health Promotion 63. Case 63: Front-Line Staff and Flu Immunisation 64. Case 64: Overseas Visitors Section 10: Ethics and Law in Clinical Practice: Organ Donation 65. Case 65: Organ Donation 66. Case 66: Posthumous Organ Donation 67. Case 67: Is there a Market for Living Organ Donors? 68. Case 68: Social Media and Organ Donation Section 11: Ethics and Law in Clinical Practice: End of Life 69. Case 69: The Distinction between Acts and Omissions at the End of Life 70. Case 70: Quality of Life and Sanctity of Life Judgements 71. Case 71: Basic Care and Medical Treatment at the End of Life 72. Case 72: Provision of Futile Treatment 73. Case 73: Assisted Suicide 74. Case 74: Advance Decisions 75. Case 75: Advance Decisions and Attempted Suicide 76. Case 76: Do Not Attempt Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Orders 77. Case 77: Brainstem Death 78. Case 78: After Death – Coroners and Cremation Forms Section 12: Duties of a Doctor 79. Case 79: Compassion and Resilience 80. Case 80: Good Samaritan Acts 81. Case 81: Delegation and Handover 82. Case 82: Professional Responsibility toward an Abusive Patient 83. Case 83: Discharge against Medical Advice 84. Case 84: Child Safeguarding 85. Case 85: Treating Friends and Relatives 86. Case 86: Professionalism and Social Media 87. Case 87: Doctors and DVLA Regulations 88. Case 88: The Role of Clinical and Research Ethics Committees Section 13: Faith, Values and Culture 89. Case 89: Medicalisation of Human Experience 90. Case 90: Jehovah’s Witnesses and Blood Transfusions 91. Case 91: Ramadan and Professional Responsibility 92. Case 92: Female Genital Mutilation 93. Case 93: Childhood Male Circumcision 94. Case 94: Disclosure of Diagnosis and Cultural Relativism 95. Case 95: Cultural Considerations in Post Mortem Examination 96. Case 96: Requests to see a ‘British’ Doctor 97. Case 97: Chaperones 98. Case 98: Professional Boundaries 99. Case 99: Ethical Issues on Elective 100. Case 100: Professional Experience of Illness