Evidence-Based Orthodontics

Greg J. Huang, DMD, MSD, MPH, is Professor and Chair of the Department of Orthodontics at the School of Dentistry, University of Washington in Seattle, Washington, USA. Stephen Richmond, BDS, DOrth RCS, MScD, FDSRCS, PhD, FHEA, is Professor of Orthodontics and Head of Applied Clinical Research and Public Health at the School of Dentistry, Cardiff University in Cardiff, Wales, UK. Katherine W.L. Vig, BDS, MS, DOrth RCS, FDSRCS, is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Developmental Biology at Harvard School of Dental Medicine in Boston, Massachusetts and Professor Emeritus and Former Chair of Orthodontics at The Ohio State University College of Dentistry in Columbus, Ohio, USA.

List of Contributors vii

Foreword xi

1 Evidence‐Based Orthodontics – Its Evolution and Clinical Application 1
Katherine W. L. Vig

2 Clinical Research Design 11
Robert J. Weyant

3 Electronic Searching for Clinical Trials Information 25
Anne Littlewood

4 Making Sense of Randomized Clinical Trials and Systematic Reviews 37
Kevin O’Brien

5 Understanding and Improving our Evidence 49
Padhraig Fleming, Greg J. Huang, and Nikolaos Pandis

6 Factors Influencing Facial Shape 69
Stephen Richmond, Caryl Wilson-Nagrani, Alexei Zhurov, Damian Farnell, Jennifer Galloway,
Azrul Safuan Mohd Ali, Pertti Pirttiniemi, and Visnja Katic

Summaries of Selected Systematic Reviews 83

Summaries Contents 85

Preface to Summaries 91

Summaries 92

Additional References 205

Systematic Reviews in Orthodontics 209

Index 261