Non-Invasive Ventilation and Weaning

Mark Elliott MD FRCP (UK) is a Consultant Respiratory Physician, Department of Respiratory Medicine, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK. He has been responsible for developing the home sleep and assisted ventilation service, for acute in hospital NIV and weaning of patients with prolonged ventilator dependence. His research interests are in acute and chronic noninvasive ventilation and sleep related abnormalities of breathing. Stefano Nava MD is Professor of Medicine and Chief of the Respiratory and Critical Care Unit, presso S. Orsola Malpghi Hospital in Bologna, Italy; it is one of Italy’s largest hospitals. Dr. Nava has served both the ATS in its Critical Care Assembly as well as the European Respiratory Society in several capacities. He also sits on a joint task force between the ATS and ERS on noninvasive ventilation which aims to keep literature on the subject up to date. Dr. Nava has written more than 100 papers on the noninvasive ventilation. Born in Crema, Italy, Dr. Nava earned his degree in medicine at Pavia University, where he subsequently specialized in pulmonary disease, intensive care medicine, and anesthesiology. Between 1985 and 1988, he took a research fellowship in pulmonary medicine at Royal Victoria Hospital and the Meakins-Christie Laboratories, at McGill University in Canada. It was there, under the tutelage of the venerable professors Joseph Milic-Emili, Francois Bellemare, and the late Peter T. Macklem, that Dr. Nava studied respiratory mechanics and physiology—mainly in invasively ventilated patients. Bernd Schönhofer MD, PhD, is Director, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Klinikum Region Hannover, Oststadt - Heidehaus, Hannover, Germany

Contributors

1. Non-invasive ventilation: From the past to the present

Dominique Robert and Barry Make

PART 1: THE EQUIPMENT

2. Positive pressure ventilators

Dean R. Hess

3. Continuous positive airway pressure

Annie Lecavalier and Peter Goldberg

4. Emerging modes for non-invasive ventilation

Paolo Navalesi, Federico Longhini, Rosanna Vaschetto and Antonio Messina

5. Extracorporeal CO2 removal

Lara Pisani and V. Marco Ranieri

6. Interfaces

Cesare Gregoretti, Vincenzo Russotto and Davide Chiumello

7. Quality control of non-invasive ventilation: Performance, service, maintenance and infection control of ventilators

Jordi Rigau and Ramon Farré

8. Humidifiers and drug delivery during non-invasive ventilation

Antonio M. Esquinas Rodriguez and Maria Vargas

9. How to start a patient on non-invasive ventilation

Raffaele Scala and Martin Latham

PART 2: THE PRACTICE – ACUTE NIV

10. How to set up an acute non-invasive ventilation service

Paul K. Plant and Gregory A. Schmidt

11. Education programmes/assessment of staff competencies

Alanna Hare

12. Monitoring during acute non-invasive ventilation

Eumorfia Kondili, Nektaria Xirouchaki and Dimitris Georgopoulos

13. Troubleshooting non-invasive ventilation

Nicholas S. Hill, Mayanka Tickoo and Najia Indress

14. Sedation and delirium

Lara Pisani, Maria Laura Vega and Cesare Gregoretti

15. Timing of non-invasive ventilation

Stefano Nava and Paolo Navalesi

16. Why non-invasive ventilation works in acute respiratory failure?

Miguel Ferrer and Antoni Torres

17. Predicting outcome in patients with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure

Tom Hartley and Stephen C. Bourke

18. Use of NIV in the real world

Mihaela Stefan, Peter Lindenauer, Najia Indress, Faisal Tamimi and Nicholas S. Hill

PART 3: THE PRACTICE – CHRONIC NIV

19. Chronic ventilator service

Maxime Patout, Antoine Cuvelier, Jean-François Muir and Peter Wijkstra

20. Diagnostic tests in the assessment of patients for home mechanical ventilation

Michael Polkey, Patrick B. Murphy and Nicholas Hart

21. Ultrasound

Daniel A. Lichtenstein

22. Patient and caregiver education

Ole Norregaard

23. Discharging the patient on home ventilation

Joan Escarrabill and Ole Norregaard

24. Monitoring during sleep during chronic non-invasive ventilation

Jean-Paul Janssens, Jean-Christian Borel, Dan Adler and Jean-Louis Pépin

25. Continuity of care and telemonitoring

Michele Vitacca

PART 4: THE DISEASES

26. Pathophysiology of respiratory failure

Paul P. Walker and Peter M. Calverley

PART 5. :COPD

27. Non-invasive ventilation for exacerbation of COPD

Martin Dres, Alexandre Demoule and Laurent Brochard

28. NIV in chronic COPD

Enrico M. Clini, Nicolino Ambrosino, Ernesto Crisafulli and Guido Vagheggini

29. Non-invasive ventilation in COPD: The importance of comorbidities and phenotypes

Jean-Louis Pépin, Jean-Paul Janssens, Renaud Tamisier, Damien Viglino, Dan Adler and Jean-Christian Borel

30. High-intensity non-invasive positive pressure ventilation

Sarah Bettina Schwarz, Friederike Sophie Magnet and Wolfram Windisch

PART 6: HYPOXAEMIC RESPIRATORY FAILURE

31. Home oxygen therapy in chronic respiratory failure

Jadwiga A. Wedzicha and Mark W. Elliott

32. Acute oxygen therapy

Mark W. Elliott

33. High-flow oxygen therapy: Physiological effects and clinical evidence

Nuttapol Rittayamai, Arnaud W. Thille and Laurent Brochard

34. Equipment for oxygen therapy

Jane Slough

35. Non-invasive ventilation for hypoxaemic respiratory failure

Massimo Antonelli and Giuseppe Bello

PART 7: CARDIAC FAILURE

36. Acute heart failure syndrome

Ross S. Archibald and Alasdair J. Gray

37. Ventilation in chronic congestive cardiac failure

Matthew T. Naughton

PART 8: NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASE

38. Muscle disorders and ventilatory failure

David Hilton-Jones

39. Pathophysiology of respiratory failure in neuromuscular diseases

Franco Laghi, Hameeda Shaikh and Dejan Radovanovic

40. Slowly progressive neuromuscular diseases

Vikram A. Padmanabhan and Joshua O. Benditt

41. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Stephen C. Bourke and John Steer

42. Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Anita K. Simonds

43. Central sleep apnoea

Shahrokh Javaheri and Mark W. Elliott

44. Mouthpiece ventilation for daytime ventilatory support

Miguel R. Gonçalves and Tiago Pinto

PART 9: CHEST WALL DEFORMITY

45. Scoliosis

William J. M. Kinnear

PART 10: OBESITY

46. Pathophysiology of respiratory failure in obesity

Francesco Fanfulla

47. Acute non-invasive ventilation in obesity-related respiratory failure

Patrick B. Murphy and Nicholas Hart

48. Non-invasive ventilation in acute and chronic respiratory failure due to obesity

Juan Fernando Masa, Isabel Utrabo and Francisco Javier Gómez de Terreros

PART 11: OTHER CONDITIONS

49. Bronchiectasis and adult cystic fibrosis

Sean Duffy, Frederic Jaffe and Gerard J. Criner

50. Non-invasive ventilation in highly infectious conditions: Lessons from severe acute respiratory syndrome

David S. C. Hui

51. NIV in cancer patients

Raffaele Scala, Uberto Maccari, Giuseppina Ciarleglio, Valentina Granese and Chiara Madioni

52. Non-invasive ventilation in the elderly

Erwan L’Her and Corinne Troadec-L’Her

53. Post-surgery non-invasive ventilation

Maria Laura Vega and Stefano Nava

54. Trauma

Umberto Lucangelo, Massimo Ferluga and Matteo Segat

55. Spinal cord injuries

Sven Hirschfeld

PART 12: PAEDIATRIC VENTILATORY FAILURE

56. Equipment and interfaces in children

Alessandro Amaddeo, Annick Frapin and Brigitte Fauroux

57. Chronic non-invasive ventilation for children

Alessandro Amaddeo, Annick Frapin and Brigitte Fauroux

58. Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation in children with acute respiratory failure

Giorgio Conti, Marco Piastra and Silvia Pulitanò

PART 13: SPECIAL SITUATIONS

59. Bronchoscopy during non-invasive ventilation

Massimo Antonelli and Giuseppe Bello

60. Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation in the obstetric population

Bushra Mina, Daniel Zapata and David Wisa

61. Diaphragm pacing (by phrenic nerve stimulation)

Jésus Gonzalez-Bermejo

62. Tracheostomy

Piero Ceriana, Paolo Pelosi and Maria Vargas

63. Swallowing and phonation during ventilation

Hélène Prigent and Nicolas Terzi

PART 14: PROLONGED WEANING

64. End-of-life care and non-invasive ventilation

Christina Faull

65. Pathophysiology of weaning failure

Theodoros I. Vassilakopoulos

66. Non-invasive ventilation for weaning and extubation failure

Scott K. Epstein

67. Weaning strategies and protocols

Michele Vitacca and Luca Barbano

68. Specialised weaning units

Aditi Satti, James Brown, Gerard J. Criner and Bernd Schönhofer

69. Psychological problems during weaning

Amal Jubran

PART 15: THE PHYSIOTHERAPIST AND ASSISTED VENTILATION

70. Respiratory physiotherapy (including cough assistance techniques and glossopharyngeal breathing)

Miguel R. Gonçalves and João Carlos Winck

71. Rehabilitation

Rik Gosselink, Bruno Clerckx, T. Troosters, J. Segers and D. Langer

PART 16: OUTCOME MEASURES

72. Health status and quality of life

Wolfram Windisch

PART 17: THE PATIENT EXPERIENCE OF NIV

73. Psychological issues for the mechanically ventilated patient

Linda L. Bieniek, Daniel F. Dilling and Bernd Schönhofer

74. The patient’s journey

Stefano Nava

75. A patient’s journey: NIV

Jeanette Erdmann and Andrea L. Klein

76. A carer’s journey

Gail Beacock and Patrick Beacock

Index