Metallochemistry of Neurodegeneration (eBook)

I: Introduction; 1:General model for protein misfolding, aggregation, amyloid formation and neurodegeneration; 2: Specificity of molecular mechanisms in major neurodegenerative diseases; Alzheimer disease (AD); Parkinson Disease; Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Prions diseases; 3: Models of amyloid seeding in neurodegenerative diseases; References; II: Blood- Brain Barrier and roots of entry of metal ions into the brain. Metal transport and distribution in the brain; 1: General features of blood-brain barrier; 2: Iron and aluminium; 3: Manganese; 4: Lead and mercury; 5: The olfactory pathway of metal entry into the brain; 6: Astroglia and metal accumulation; References; III: Metal ion induced redox reactions, oxidative stress and possible impact on Neurodegeneration; 1: Metal induced production of ROS; 2: Nitric oxide; 3: Oxidative stress and aging; 4: ROS, protein oxidation and aberrant protein interactions; 5: Peroxidation of lipids in aging brain; 6: Impact of oxidative stress on DNA; 7: ROS and cell death; References; IV: Copper Metabolism in the Brain; 1: Introduction; 2: Models of Copper Metabolism; 3: Mammalian Copper Homeostasis; 4: Mammalian Cellular Copper Metabolism; 5: Neurodegenerative diseases and Copper; 6: Wilson and Menkes Diseases; 7: Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (FALS); 8: Conclusions; References; V: Lithium, a neuroprotective element; IMPase; GSK-3; References; VI: Neurotoxicity of aluminium; 1: Neurochemistry of Aluminum; 2: Aluminum and the etiology of Alzheimer's Disease (AD); References; VII: Manganese in the brain functioning; 1: Introduction; 2: Manganese Absorption; 3: Manganese Transport to the Brain; 4: Manganese Uptake in the Brain; 5: Proteins that Utilise Manganese; 6: Manganese Neurotoxicity; 7: Effects on Brain Function; 8: Neurological Disease related to Manganese; 9 : Conclusions ; References; VIII: Alzheimer's disease: which metal now?; 1: Amyloid Precursor Protein; 2: Cleavage of APP and formation of ?-Amyloid; 3: Neurofibrillary Tangles; 4: Copper, APP and A?; 5: Metals and Alzheimer's Disease; 6: A balance between copper and zinc; 7: The rise of iron; 8: Any more metals in Alzheimer's disease; 9: Coordination chemistry of metal ions interacting with APP; References; IX: Prion diseases and and redox active metal; 1: Introduction; 2: Cu binding to PrPc; 3: Details of copper(II) co-ordination to mammalian PrPC and its fragments; Binding of Cu(II) ion by a single octapeptide repeat Pro-His-Gly-Gly-Gly-Trp-Gly-Gln; pH-dependence of Cu2+ binding to octapeptide fragment; Binding of Cu2+ ions to dimeric and tetrameric octapeptide fragments; 4: The Fifth and Sixth Binding Sites Located in N-Terminal Domain; 5: Binding of Cu(II) and other metals to PrP91-126 region; Cu(II) coordination to PrP106-126 (KTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLG); Involvement of His-96 in the interaction of Cu(II) with the neurotoxic peptide fragment; The comparison of the binding abilities of octameric and neurotoxic regions towards Cu2+ ions; 6: Cu2+ coordination to chicken PrP; 7: Copper Mediated PrP Internalisation; 8: Copper Transport; 9: PrP as an Antioxidant; 10: Manganese Binding; 11: Cell Death and Metals; 12: Metal Changes in TSEs; 13: Copper and Mutant Prions; 14: Conclusions; References; X: Are Metals Involved in Cu-Zn Superoxide Dismutase Related Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; References; XI: Parkinson disease: any role for metals; 1: Introduction; 2: Cell Death in Parkinson's Disease; 3: Genetics of Parkison's Disease; 4: The Proteins Associated with Parkinson's Disease; Parkin; ?-Synuclein; 5: Metals in Parkinson's Disease; 6: Bioinorganic chemistry in Parkinson disease; Binding of copper ions to ?-synuclein and its fragments; 7: Metal ions and catecholamines; 8: The neuromelanin of substantia nigra and metal ions; 9: Conclusions; References; XII: Chelating Agents in Metal Neurotoxicity; Copper; Lead; Mercury; Iron; References; XIII: Metal Complexes in the Brain Imaging and Diagnosis; Gadolinium compounds; Monocrystalline Iron Oxide Nanocompounds; Delivery of MRI Contrast Agents; MRI staining of the hippocampal system; Contrast Agents in Stem Cells Therapy; Thallium Autometallography; Targeting of Contrast Agents to Alzheimer's disease Amyloid Plaques; References