Diagnostic Imaging: Oral and Maxillofacial

Dr. Koenig is Professor Emerita of Oral Medicine and Oral Radiology at Marquette University School of Dentistry in Milwaukee, Wisconsin Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS RCPS (Glasg), graduated with a dental degree from King Saud University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and trained at Harvard University, School of Dental Medicine, where she earned a Doctorate of Medical Science (DMSc) and certificate of fellowship in Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology. She is board certified by the American Board of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology. She runs her own oral radiology private practice in Orlando, FL. Dr. Perschbacher is Assistant Professor, Teaching Stream, Oral & Maxillofacial Radiology at University of Toronto Faculty of Dentistry in Toronto, Canada. She is also a Department of Dentistry and Orthodontics consultant at the Hospital for Sick Children's Department of Dentistry and Orthodontics in Toronto.

ANATOMY

Oral Cavity

Teeth

Dental Restorations

Maxilla

Mandible

Tongue

Retromolar Trigone

Sublingual Space

Submandibular Space

Oral Mucosal Space/Surface

Nose and Sinuses

Sinonasal Overview

Ostiomeatal Complex

Pterygopalatine Fossa

Temporal Bone

Temporomandibular Joint

"External, Middle, and Inner Ear"

Base of Skull

Anterior Skull Base

Central Skull Base

Styloid Process and Stylohyoid Ligament

Cranial Nerves

Cranial Nerve V

Cranial Nerve VII

Cervical Spine

Craniocervical Junction

C2-C3 Fusion

C1 Assimilation

Ponticulus Posticus

Ossiculum Terminale

Split Atlas

Os Odontoideum

Os Avis (Fused to Clivus)

Odontoid Hypoplasia/Aplasia

Failure of Formation

Failure of Segmentation

Degenerative Joint Disease of Craniovertebral Junction

Ossification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis

Lytic and Blastic Metastases

Hemangioma, Cervical Spine

Tumoral Calcinosis

Fibrous Dysplasia, Cervical Spine

Cervical Facet Arthropathy

Suprahyoid Neck

Suprahyoid Neck Overview

Parapharyngeal Space

Nasopharynx and Oropharynx

Masticator Space

Parotid Space

Carotid Space

Retropharyngeal Space

Perivertebral Space

Lymph Nodes

External and Internal Carotid Arteries

DIAGNOSES

Teeth

Developmental Alterations in Size and Shape of Teeth

Hypodontia

Hyperdontia

"Macrodontia, Gemination, and Fusion"

Microdontia

Concrescence

Talon Cusp

Dens Invaginatus

Enamel Pearls

Taurodontism

Dilaceration

Supernumerary Roots

Developmental Alterations in Structure of Teeth

Amelogenesis Imperfecta

Dentinogenesis Imperfecta

Dentin Dysplasia

Regional Odontodysplasia

Acquired Alterations of Teeth and Supporting Structures

Attrition

Abrasion

Erosion

Abfraction

Turner Dysplasia

Internal and External Resorption

Hypercementosis

Trauma

Concussion

Luxation

Dentoalveolar Fractures

Infection/Inflammation

Dental Caries

Periapical Rarefying Osteitis

Periapical Sclerosing Osteitis

Periodontal Disease

Miscellaneous

Gubernaculum Dentis

Oral Cavity

Congenital/Genetic

Submandibular Space Accessory Salivary Tissue

Lingual Thyroid

Dermoid and Epidermoid Cysts

Lymphatic Malformation

Submandibular Gland Aplasia-Hypoplasia

Foregut Duplication Cyst in Tongue

Infection

Radiographic Evaluation of Dental Infection and Its Effect on Bone

Oral Cavity Soft Tissue Infections

Inflammation

Ranula

Submandibular Gland Sialadenitis

Oral Cavity Sialocele

Submandibular Gland Mucocele

"Neoplasm, Benign"

Sublingual Gland Benign Mixed Tumor

Submandibular Gland Benign Mixed Tumor

Palate Benign Mixed Tumor

"Neoplasm, Malignant"

Oral Cavity Minor Salivary Gland Malignancy

Sublingual Gland Carcinoma

Submandibular Gland Carcinoma

Submandibular Space Nodal Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Oral Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Floor of Mouth Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Gingival Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Retromolar Trigone Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Submandibular Space Nodal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Buccal Mucosa Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Hard Palate Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Miscellaneous/Idiopathic

Motor Denervation CN12

Submandibular Sialoliths

Mandible and Maxilla

Normal Variants

Buccal and Palatal Exostoses

Torus Mandibularis

Torus Palatinus

Accessory Mandibular Canal

Mandibular Salivary Gland Defect (Stafne)

Mandible-Maxilla Idiopathic Osteosclerosis

Congenital/Genetic

Clefts

Cleidocranial Dysplasia

Pierre Robin Sequence

Treacher Collins Syndrome

Trauma

Mandible Fracture

Nasoethmoid Complex Fracture

Complex Midfacial Fracture

Zygomaticomaxillary Complex Fracture

Transfacial Fracture (Le Fort)

Infection/Inflammation

Mandible-Maxilla Osteomyelitis

Mandible-Maxilla Osteoradionecrosis

Mandible-Maxilla Osteonecrosis

"Cysts, Odontogenic"

Dentigerous Cyst

Lateral Periodontal Cyst

Residual Cyst

Buccal Bifurcation Cyst

"Cysts, Nonodontogenic"

Mandible-Maxilla Aneurysmal Bone Cyst

Nasopalatine Duct Cyst

Nasolabial Cyst

Mandible-Maxilla Simple (Traumatic) Bone Cyst

Fibro-Osseous Lesions

Periapical Cemental Dysplasia

Florid Cemento-Osseous Dysplasia

Cementoossifying Fibroma

Mandible-Maxilla Fibrous Dysplasia

Paget Disease

Cherubism

Segmental Odontomaxillary Dysplasia

Osteoporosis

Hyperparathyroidism

"Neoplasm, Benign, Odontogenic"

Odontoma

Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumor

Ameloblastoma

Ameloblastic Fibroma

Ameloblastic Fibroodontoma

Calcifying Epithelial Odontogenic Tumor

Calcifying Cystic Odontogenic Tumor

Cementoblastoma

Odontogenic Myxoma

Central Odontogenic Fibroma

Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumor

Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome

"Neoplasm, Benign, Nonodontogenic"

Central Hemangioma

Osteoid Osteoma

Osteoblastoma

Mandible-Maxilla Osteoma

Nerve Sheath Tumor

Neurofibromatosis Type 1

Desmoplastic Fibroma

"Neoplasm, Malignant, Odontogenic"

Malignant Ameloblastoma and Ameloblastic Carcinoma

"Neoplasm, Malignant, Nonodontogenic"

Mandible-Maxilla Metastasis

Mandible-Maxilla Osteosarcoma

Mandible-Maxilla Chondrosarcoma

Primary Intraosseous Carcinoma

Central Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma

Burkitt Lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma of Pharyngeal Mucosal Space

Multiple Myeloma

Ewing Sarcoma

Leukemia

Tumor-Like Lesions

Mandible-Maxilla Central Giant Cell Granuloma

Langerhans Histiocytosis

Temporomandibular Joint

Congenital Disorders

Condylar Aplasia

Hemifacial Microsomia

Developmental Acquired Disorders

Condylar Hyperplasia

Coronoid Hyperplasia

Condylar Hypoplasia

Fibrous Ankylosis

Bony Ankylosis

Trauma

"TMJ Fracture, Adult and Neonatal"

TMJ Dislocation

Bifid Condyle

TMJ Osteochondritis Dissecans

Inflammatory Disorders

TMJ Rheumatoid Arthritis

TMJ Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

TMJ Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis

Degenerative Disorders

Degenerative Joint Disease

TMJ Synovial Cyst

Progressive Condylar Resorption

Disc Derangement Disorders

Disc Displacement With Reduction

Disc Displacement Without Reduction

Adhesions

"Neoplasm, Benign"

TMJ Osteoma

TMJ Osteochondroma

Tumor-Like Lesions

TMJ Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Deposition Disease

TMJ Primary Synovial Chondromatosis

"Neoplasm, Malignant"

TMJ Osteosarcoma

TMJ Chondrosarcoma

TMJ Metastasis

Miscellaneous

TMJ Simple (Traumatic) Bone Cyst

Aneurysmal Bone Cyst

Maxillary Sinus and Nasal Cavity

Normal Variants

Deviated Nasal Septum

Concha Bullosa

Accessory Ostia

Developmental

Hypoplasia/Aplasia

Inflammation

Mucus Retention Pseudocyst

Sinonasal Mucocele

Sinonasal Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis (Wegener Granulomatosis)

Sinonasal Polyposis

Acute Rhinosinusitis

Chronic Rhinosinusitis

Odontogenic Sinusitis

Allergic Fungal Sinusitis

Invasive Fungal Sinusitis

Mycetoma

Invasive Pseudotumor

"Neoplasm, Benign"

Sinonasal Inverted Papilloma

Sinonasal Ossifying Fibroma

Sinonasal Osteoma

"Neoplasm, Malignant"

Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Sinonasal Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma

Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Sinonasal Malignant Melanoma

Tumor-Like Lesions

Sinonasal Fibrous Dysplasia

Masticator Space

Normal Variants

Pterygoid Venous Plexus Asymmetry

Infection

Masticator Space Abscess

Degenerative

Masticator Muscle Atrophy

"Neoplasm, Benign"

Masticator Space CNV3 Schwannoma

Fibromatosis of Head and Neck

"Neoplasm, Malignant"

Masticator Space Chondrosarcoma

Masticator Space Sarcoma

Masticator Space CNV3 Perineural Tumor

Miscellaneous/Idiopathic

Benign Masticator Muscle Hypertrophy

Parotid Space

Inflammatory

Parotid Sialadenitis

Parotid Sialoliths

Benign Lymphoepithelial Lesions-HIV

"Neoplasm, Benign"

Parotid Benign Mixed Tumor

Warthin Tumor

Parotid Schwannoma

"Neoplasm, Malignant"

Parotid Malignant Mixed Tumor

Parotid Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma

Parotid Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma

Parotid Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Metastatic Disease of Parotid Nodes

Autoimmune

Sjögren Syndrome

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES

Teeth

Alterations in Tooth Number

Extra Teeth

Missing Teeth

Alterations in Tooth Morphology/Shape

Crown Changes

Root Changes

Mandible and Maxilla

Alterations in Supporting Structures of Teeth

Periapical Radiolucencies

Periapical Radiopacities and Mixed Lesions

Floating Teeth

Widened Periodontal Ligament Space

Lamina Dura Changes

Radiolucencies

Well-Defined Unilocular Radiolucencies

Pericoronal Radiolucencies Without Radiopacities

Pericoronal Radiolucencies With Radiopacities

Multilocular Radiolucencies

Ill-Defined Radiolucencies

Generalized Rarefaction

Radiopacities

Well-Defined Radiopacities

Ground-Glass and Granular Radiopacities

Generalized Radiopacities

Periosteal Reactions

Periosteal Reactions

Oral Cavity

Anatomically Based Lesions

Submandibular Space Lesions

Parotid Space Lesions

Sublingual Space Lesions

Oral Mucosal Space/Surface Lesions

Root of Tongue Lesions

Miscellaneous

Soft Tissue Calcifications

Temporomandibular Joint

Changes in Condylar Size and Function

Small Condyle

Large Condyle

Limited Condylar Translation

Mass Lesions

TMJ Radiolucencies

TMJ Radiopacities

Miscellaneous

TMJ Articular Loose Bodies

Maxillary Sinus and Nasal Cavity

Nasal Lesions

Perforated Nasal Septum

Nasal Lesion Without Bony Destruction

Nasal Lesion With Bony Destruction

Sinonasal Fibro-Osseous and Cartilaginous Lesions

Sinus Lesions

Paranasal Sinus Lesions Without Bony Destruction

Paranasal Sinus Lesions With Bony Destruction

Miscellaneous

Displaced Dental Structures into Antrum