Applied Virology

ContributorsPrefaceIntroductionI New Virus Vaccine Technology and Chemotherapy Chapter 1 Strategy for Virus Vaccine Development I. Introduction II. Choice of Viral Vaccines III. Live Virus Vaccines IV. Categories of Vaccines Containing Nonreplicating Antigens V. Conclusions References Chapter 2 Genetic Engineering Technology in Vaccine Production and Control of Animal Virus Diseases I. Introduction II. Genetic Engineering of Rabies Vaccine III. Genetic Engineering of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine IV. Priorities for Genetic Engineering of Other Animal Vaccines V. Technology Transfer to Developing Countries References Chapter 3 Location and Sequence of a Critical Antigenic Site on VP1 of Poliovirus Type 3 and Its Relevance to the Development of Novel Vaccines against Poliomyelitis I. Introduction II. Antigenic Analysis of Poliovirus Using Monoclonal Antibodies III. Location and Primary Structure of the Antigenic Site for Neutralization of Poliovirus Type IV. Discussion and Conclusion References Chapter 4 Synthesis of a Viral Membrane Protein in Bacillus Subtilis I. Introduction II. Construction of a Secretion Vector for Expression of Foreign Genes in Bacillus Subtilis III. Modification of the El Membrane Protein Gene of Semliki Forest Virus IV. Joining of the E1 Gene to the Secretion Vector V. Expression of E1 in Bacillus Subtilis VI. Conclusions References Chapter 5 Production of Hepatitis-Safe Plasma Proteins from Cold Sterilized Plasma I. Introduction II. Cold Sterilization of Plasma III. Combination of Cold Sterilization and Adsorption IV. Properties of Sterilized Factor IX Concentrate V. Properties of Stabilized Serum Biseko References Chapter 6 Factors Influencing the Performance of Foot-and-Mouth Vaccines under Field Conditions I. Introduction II. The Disease III. The Vaccine IV. The Host V. The Human Element VI. Graphic Models VII. Discussion References Chapter 7 Progress in Antiviral Chemotherapy I. Introduction II. Viral Vaccines III. Passive Immunization IV. Antiviral Agents V. Conclusions References Chapter 8 Acyclovir: A Review of the Preclinical and Clinical Status I. Introduction II. In Vitro Activity III. Mechanism of Action IV. Animal Studies V. Pharmacokinetics in Man VI. Clinical Experience VII. Tolerance in Clinical Use VIII. Conclusions ReferencesII Present Status of Vaccination Againts Viral Diseases Chapter 9 Worldwide and Differing Vaccinations against Human Viral Diseases I. Introduction II. Vaccine-Preventable Viral Diseases III. Individual Diseases IV. Measles Eradication V. Conclusion References Chapter 10 Principal Human Viral Diseases: Present Status of Vaccination I. Introduction II. Measles III. Poliomyelitis IV. Viral Hepatitis V. Rabies VI. Yellow Fever References Chapter 11 Present Status of Vaccination against Poliomyelitis in the African Region of the World Health Organization I. Introduction II. Epidemiology of Poliomyelitis III. Expanded Program of Immunization (EPI) IV. Principal EPI Achievements V. Conclusion References Chapter 12 Hepatitis B Virus: Approaches to Control and Vaccination I. Introduction II. Immunochemical Properties of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen III. Nature of the Hepatitis B Genome and Molecular Cloning Studies IV. Chemically Synthesized Hepatitis B Vaccines V. Hepatitis B Surface Antigen from Heteroploid Cell Lines References Chapter 13 Vaccination of Newborns against Hepatitis B I. Development of Vaccines against Hepatitis B II. Efficacy of Vaccines III. Indications for Vaccination IV. Passive-Active Immunization References Chapter 14 Hepatitis B Vaccine and the Developing World I. Introduction II. Basis for a Need for Mass Immunization in High-Prevalence Regions III. Approaches to Prevention IV. Conclusions References Chapter 15 Measles: A Continuing Problem or Eradication? I. Introduction II. The Virus III. The Disease IV. The Problem V. The Control of Measles VI. The Eradication of Measles VII. Comments References Chapter 16 Rubella Revaccination: Will It Be Necessary? I. Introduction II. Materials and Methods III. Results IV. Discussion References Chapter 17 Rabies Enigma: Human and Animal Disease Control I. Introduction II. Present Problem of Rabies in the Middle East and Africa III. History of Rabies Control in the Middle East and Africa IV. World Health Organization Program for Global Elimination of Rabies V. Considerations Related to Rabies Control References Chapter 18 Rabies Vaccine Produced in Cell Culture: Production Control and Clinical Results I. Introduction II. Traditional Vaccines III. Human Diploid Cell Strain Vaccine IV. Other Cell Culture Vaccines V. Conclusions ReferencesIII Epidemiology and Diagnosis of Viral Diseases Chapter 19 Epidemiology and Diagnosis of Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers I. Introduction II. Epidemiology III. Diagnosis IV. Conclusions References Chapter 20 Structure and Variation among Arenaviruses I. Introduction II. Natural History and Distribution III. Morphology and Ultrastructure IV. Serological Relationships References Chapter 21 Diarrhea Viruses: Diagnosis as Prerequisite for Epidemiological Study I. Worldwide Problem II. WHO Diarrheal Diseases Control Program III. Diagnostic Methods IV. ELISA Test V. Other Methods VI. Subgrouping and Serotyping of Rotaviruses VII. Electrophoresis of Rotavirus RNA Genomic Segments References Chapter 22 Virus-Induced Gastroenteritis in Animals I. Introduction II. Agents Involved III. Diagnosis IV. Pathology and Pathophysiology of Enteric Virus Infections V. Mixed Infections VI. Immunity and Immunological Control of Gastroenteric Virus Infections VII. Economic Impact of Neonatal Disease in Animals VIII. Conclusions References Chapter 23 Viral Hepatitis A: Virus, Disease, and Control I. Introduction II. Characteristics of Hepatitis A Virus III. Disease IV. Diagnosis V. Transmission and Epidemiology of Hepatitis A VI. Prevention VII. Treatment VIII. Hepatitis A-Like Epidemic Hepatitis Non-A, Non-B IX. Conclusion References Chapter 24 Impact of Arthropod-Borne Virus Diseases on Africa and the Middle East I. Introduction II. Yellow Fever III. Rift Valley Fever IV. West Nile Fever V. Sindbis Virus Disease VI. Chikungunya VII. O'Nyong Nyong VIII. Dengue References Chapter 25 Congenital Viral Infections and Malformations: Problems, Prophylaxis, and Diagnosis I. Introduction II. Rubella III. Cytomegalovirus IV. Varicella-Zoster Virus V. Influenza VI. Laboratory Diagnosis of Infection References Chapter 26 Viral-Bacterial Synergistic Interactions in Respiratory Infections I. Introduction II. Bacterial Adherence III. Experimental Models IV. Virus-Induced Immunosuppression V. Injury to Lungs via Inflammatory Processes VI. Impact of Viral-Bacterial Infections VII. Conclusions References Chapter 27 Importance and Control of Fish and Mollusk Viruses I. Introduction II. Fish Viruses III. Mollusk Viruses IV. Detection and Identification of Fish Viruses V. Cell Cultures VI. Control of Viral Diseases of Fish and Shellfish References Chapter 28 Recent Advances in Immunodiagnosis of Viral Diseases of Crops I. Introduction II. Newly Described Viruses III. Precipitation and Agglutination Methods IV. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA) V. Immunosorbant Electron Microscopy (ISEM) VI. Monoclonal Antibodies References Chapter 29 Enzyme Immunoassays Applied in Virology: Reagent Preparation and Interpretation I. Introduction II. Conjugation Procedures III. Solid-Phase Immobilization IV. Enzyme Immunoassays: Titration Procedures V. Identification and Localization Procedures VI. Processing of Results VII. Immunodiagnosis of Virus Infections Using Enzyme Tracers: Problems and Interpretation VIII. Conclusions IX. Appendix ReferencesIndex