Delayed Preconditioning and Adaptive Cardioprotection

1 Delayed Preconditioning Against Lethal Ischaemic Injury.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Background.- 3. Discovery of Delayed Preconditioning.- 4. Characteristics of Delayed Preconditioning Against Infarction.- 5. Delayed Preconditioning Against Myocyte Injury In Vitro.- 6. Delayed Preconditioning Against Ischaemic Injury in Other Tissues.- 7. Mechanisms of Delayed Preconditioning.- 8. Triggers of Adaptation in Delayed Preconditioning.- 9. Signal Transduction in Delayed Preconditioning.- 10. Downstream Mediators and Possible Effectors of Protection.- 11. Conclusions.- References.- 2 Delayed Preconditioning Against Myocardial Stunning.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Pathophysiology of Late Preconditioning Against Stunning.- 3. The Preconditioning Stimulus or ‘Trigger’ of Late PC.- 4. The Signal Transduction Pathways of Late PC.- 5. The Mediator(s) of the Protective Effects of Late PC.- 6. The Nitric Oxide Hypothesis of Late PC.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- 3 Delayed Preconditioning Against Endothelial Dysfunction.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Reperfusion Injury to Endothelial Cells.- 3. Evidence for Delayed Preconditioning of Coronary Endothelial Cells.- 4. Mechanisms of Delayed Protection.- 5. Mediators of Protection.- 6. Triggers of Protection.- 7. Conclusion.- References.- 4 Delayed Preconditioning Against Ventricular Arrhythmias.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Experimental Background.- 3. From Early to Delayed Protection.- 4. Delayed Protection Against Arrhythmias by Cardiac Pacing.- 5. Time Course and Renewal of Delayed Protection.- 6. Delayed Protection Against Arrhythmias Induced by Prostacyclin.- 7. Delayed Protection Against Arrhythmias Induced by Endotoxins.- 8. Delayed Protection Against Arrhythmias Induced by Catecholamines.- 9. Roles of NO and Bradykinin in Delayed Protection AgainstArrhythmias.- 10. Conclusion.- References.- 5 Intracellular Signalling Mechanisms in Myocardial Adaptation to Ischaemia.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Stress Adaptation in the Heart.- 3. Signal Transduction Pathways in Adaptation.- 4. Protein Tyrosine Kinase Signalling.- 5. Phospholipase D Signalling.- 6. Protein Kinase C Signalling.- 7. Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases.- 8. p38 MAP Kinase Signalling.- 9. MAPKAP Kinase 2.- 10. Gene Expression.- 11. Conclusion.- References.- 6 Changes in Cardiac Gene Expression After Ischaemia and Reperfusion.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methodological Considerations.- 3. Pathophysiological Considerations.- 4. Examination of Gene Regulation.- 5. Transcription Factors.- 6. Cytokines and Growth Factors.- 7. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Regulating Proteins.- 8. Antioxidants.- 9. Miscellaneous.- 10. Perspective and Conclusion.- References.- 7 The Heat Shock Response and Tissue Protection.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Heat Shock and HSP70.- 3. Heat Shock, HSP70 and Inducible Cellular Protection in the Heart.- 4. HSP70 Transgenic Mice and Myocardial Protection.- 5. Function of HSP70.- 6. Inducible Cellular Protection in the Brain.- 7. Other Possibilities.- 8. HSP27 and Endogenous Cellular Protection.- 9. HSP27 in the Heart and Brain.- 10. Conclusions.- References.- 8 Antioxidant Defences in Myocardial Adaptation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Sublethal Ischaemia-induced Cardioprotection.- 3. Sublethal Heat Stress-induced Cardioprotection.- 4. Exercise and Cardioprotection.- 5. Production of Oxygen Free Radicals and Biphasic Cardioprotection.- 6. Conclusion.- References.- 9 Endotoxin, Monophosphoryl Lipid A and Delayed Cardioprotection.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Effects of MLA and LPS on Myocardial Infarct Size.- 3. Effects of MLA and LPS on Myocardial Stunning.- 4. Role of Neutrophils in MLA- and LPS-induced Infarct Size Reduction.- 5. Role of Heat Shock Proteins in MLA- and LPS-induced Cardioprotection.- 6. Role of ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channels (KATP) in MLA-induced Infarct Size Reduction.- 7. Role of KATP Channels in MLA-induced Attenuation of Stunning.- 8. Role of Adenosine in the Cardioprotective Effect of MLA.- 9. Role of NO in MLA-induced Cardioprotection.- 10. Conclusion.- References.- 10 Adenosine and Delayed Cardioprotection.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Adenosine as a Trigger of Delayed Preconditioning.- 3. Time Course and Maintenance of Adenosine-induced Delayed Cardioprotection.- 4. Signal Transduction Mechanisms.- 5. Distal Mediator(s) of Adenosine-induced Delayed Protection.- 6. Conclusion.- References.- 11 Angina and Cardiac Adaptation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Preinfarction Angina.- 3. From Experimental Laboratory to Humans.- 4. Pathophysiological Studies.- 5. Retrospective Clinical Studies.- 6. Prospective Clinical Trials.- 7. Preinfarction Angina: Is Preconditioning the Only Mechanism of Protection?.- 8. Conclusion.- References.