Tumors in Domestic Animals (eBook)

Donald J. Meuten, DVM, PhD, Diplomate ACVP, is Professor Emeritus at the College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.

Title Page 5
Copyright Page 6
Contents 7
List of Contributors 8
Preface 9
Chapter 1 An Overview of Molecular Cancer Pathogenesis, Prognosis, and Diagnosis 11
Fundamentals of cancer biology 11
Genetic injury 11
Epigenetics 11
Tumor heterogeneity, tumor progression, and clonal evolution 12
The hallmarks of malignancy 12
Sustaining proliferative signaling: proto-oncogenes and oncogenes 12
Evading growth suppressors 18
Resisting cell death 21
Enabling reproductive immortality 21
Inducing angiogenesis 21
Activating invasion and metastasis 23
References 26
Veterinary cancer incidence and molecular approaches to diagnosis and prognosis 28
Genetics and cancer 28
From concepts to clinics: molecular genetics usher in an era of opportunity 28
Cytogenetics in cancer 29
Molecular diagnostics and prognostics 30
Evolutionarily conserved genomic changes in cancers 30
Molecular assays in veterinary oncology 31
Conclusions 34
References 34
Chapter 2 Trimming Tumors for Diagnosis and Prognosis 37
Specimen sizing 37
Orientation of trimmed specimens 39
Perpendicular margins 39
Parallel margins (en face) 40
Margin evaluation 41
Skin tumors 42
Canine soft tissue sarcomas and mast cell tumors 45
Digital amputations 46
Limb amputations 46
Ears 47
Eyelids 48
Intraocular tumors 48
Hemimandibulectomies/maxillectomies 48
Gastrointestinal tumors 49
Tumors of parenchymal organs 49
Tumors of lobar parenchymal organs 51
Lymph nodes 51
References 53
Chapter 3 Immunohistochemistry: Fundamentals and Applications in Oncology 54
Introduction 54
References 54
The immunohistochemical test 54
Fixation and processing 55
References 57
Antigen retrieval 58
Enzymatic retrieval 58
Heat-induced epitope retrieval (HIER) 58
References 59
Antigens and antibodies 60
Antigens 60
Antibodies 60
Affinity 61
Avidity 61
Polyclonal antibodies 61
Monoclonal antibodies 61
What makes an antibody good for immunohistochemistry? 61
References 62
Detection methods 62
Avidin–biotin methods 63
Polymeric labeling two-step method 63
Catalyzed signal amplification 64
Immunohistochemistry on mouse tissues 64
References 64
Storage and handling of reagents 65
References 65
Controls in immunohistochemistry 65
Positive tissue control 65
Negative tissue control 65
Reagent (antibody) controls 65
Methods for high-throughput evaluation of control tissues 65
References 65
Standardization (optimization) and validation of a new IHC test 66
Primary antibody standardization and validation 66
Laboratory validation of the IHC test 67
Clinical validation of the IHC test 67
References 68
Immunohistochemical report and interpretation 69
Patterns of specific labeling 69
Patterns of nonspecific labeling 69
What constitutes a positive/significant result? 69
Distinguishing true-positive from false-positive immunoreactivity 69
References 69
Troubleshooting the IHC test 72
Background staining 73
References 73
Approach to the immunohistochemical characterization of tumors 74
Biomarkers in diagnostic immunohistochemistry of neoplasms 75
Prognostic markers and immunohistochemistry 84
References 87
Cancer of unknown primary site 92
Stage 1: Screening by broad tumor categories 96
Stage 2: Discriminating CUPS with cytokeratins 96
Stage 3: Coexpression of cytokeratins and vimentin by carcinomas 97
Stage 4: Detection of cell-specific products 97
References 97
The future of immunohistochemistry in veterinary oncology 97
References 97
Chapter 4 Epithelial and Melanocytic Tumors of the Skin 98
General references 99
EPITHELIAL NEOPLASMS WITHOUT SQUAMOUS AND ADNEXAL DIFFERENTIATION 99
Basal cell neoplasms (Table 4.1) 99
Basal cell tumor – feline 99
Basal cell carcinoma 99
References 101
NEOPLASMS OF THE EPIDERMIS 101
Papilloma (cutaneous papillomatosis) 101
General considerations 101
Inverted papilloma 103
Pigmented viral plaques 104
Equine aural plaques 105
References 105
Multicentric squamous cell carcinoma in situ (Bowen’s disease, bowenoid in situ carcinoma) 106
References 107
Squamous cell carcinoma 107
References 109
Basosquamous carcinoma 109
NEOPLASMS WITH ADNEXAL DIFFERENTIATION 109
Follicular neoplasms 109
General considerations 109
Infundibular keratinizing acanthoma 110
Tricholemmoma 111
Trichoblastoma 111
Trichofolliculoma 114
Trichoepithelioma 114
Malignant trichoepithelioma 115
Pilomatricoma 115
Malignant pilomatricoma 117
Reference 117
Sebaceous and modified sebaceous gland neoplasms 117
General considerations 117
Sebaceous adenoma 118
Sebaceous ductal adenoma 119
Sebaceous epithelioma 119
Sebaceous carcinoma 119
Meibomian adenoma 121
Meibomian ductal adenoma 121
Meibomian epithelioma 121
Meibomian carcinoma 121
Hepatoid gland neoplasms 122
General considerations 122
Hepatoid gland adenoma/circumanal adenoma 122
Hepatoid gland epithelioma 122
Hepatoid gland carcinoma 125
Apocrine and modified apocrine gland neoplasms 125
General considerations 125
Apocrine adenoma 125
Apocrine ductal adenoma 125
Complex and mixed apocrine adenoma 128
Apocrine carcinoma 128
Apocrine ductal carcinoma 128
Complex and mixed apocrine carcinoma 129
Ceruminous adenoma 129
Complex and mixed ceruminous adenoma 130
Ceruminous gland carcinoma 130
Complex and mixed ceruminous carcinoma 130
Anal sac gland neoplasms 130
General considerations 130
Anal sac gland adenoma 130
Anal sac gland carcinoma 130
References 132
Eccrine adenoma and carcinoma 133
Clear cell adnexal carcinoma 133
References 133
Merkel cell tumor 133
General considerations 133
Reference 133
MELANOCYTIC NEOPLASMS 133
General considerations 133
Melanocytoma 135
Melanoacanthoma 139
Malignant melanoma 139
References 141
NAILBED (SUBUNGUAL) NEOPLASMS 142
Subungual malignant melanoma 142
References 142
Subungual keratoacanthoma (nailbed keratoacanthoma) 142
Subungual squamous cell carcinoma 142
References 144
HAMARTOMAS 144
Epidermal hamartoma 145
Follicular hamartoma 145
Sebaceous hamartoma 145
Apocrine hamartoma 145
Fibroadnexal hamartoma (adnexal nevus, focal adnexal dysplasia, folliculosebaceous hamartoma) 145
CYSTS 145
Infundibular cyst (epidermoid cyst, epidermal cyst, epidermal inclusion cyst) 145
Isthmus cyst 146
Dilated pore 146
Panfollicular (trichoepitheliomatous) cyst 147
Dermoid cyst (dermoid sinus) 148
Sebaceous duct cyst 148
Subungual epithelial inclusion cyst 148
Apocrine cyst(s) (apocrine cystomatosis) 148
Ceruminous cysts 149
Ciliated cyst 149
TUMOR-LIKE LESIONS 149
Seborrheic keratosis 149
Reference 149
Squamous papilloma 149
Pressure point comedones 149
Cutaneous horn 149
Sebaceous hyperplasia (senile nodular sebaceous hyperplasia) 149
Fibroepithelial “polyp” (cutaneous tag, skin tag, acrochordon) 149
NEOPLASMS COMMONLY METASTATIC TO THE SKIN 150
Feline pulmonary carcinoma with digital metastases 151
Mammary carcinoma 151
Prostatic carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, and colonic carcinoma 151
References 151
Chapter 5 Mesenchymal Tumors of the Skin and Soft Tissues 152
References 153
Fibroma 153
Keloidal fibroma/fibrosarcoma 153
Fibrosarcoma 154
Injection-site sarcomas 155
General considerations 155
Feline vaccine-associated fibrosarcoma 155
Canine maxillary well-differentiated fibrosarcoma 157
References 158
Equine sarcoid 158
Feline sarcoid (feline fibropapilloma) 159
References 160
Pleomorphic sarcoma (anaplastic sarcoma with giant cells, malignant fibrous histiocytoma) 160
References 161
Myxoma and myxosarcoma 161
Tumor-like lesions 162
Collagenous hamartoma 162
Nodular dermatofibrosis 163
Nodular fasciitis 163
References 163
Canine hemangiopericytoma (myopericytoma, perivascular wall tumor) 164
Peripheral nerve sheath tumor (nerve sheath tumor) 165
Leiomyoma (piloleiomyoma and angioleiomyoma) 167
References 167
Lipoma 168
Liposarcoma 169
References 169
Hemangioma 169
Hemangiosarcoma 172
Lymphangioma and lymphangiosarcoma 173
Angiomatosis 173
Bovine cutaneous angiomatosis 173
Progressive angiomatosis 174
Scrotal vascular hamartoma 176
Canine cutaneous histiocytoma 176
Reactive histiocytosis 177
Histiocytic sarcoma complex 178
Xanthoma 180
References 180
Plasma cell tumor (plasmacytoma, extramedullary plasmacytoma) 181
Lymphoma 182
Canine transmissible venereal tumor 183
References 183
Chapter 6 Mast Cell Tumors 186
General considerations 186
Canine mast cell tumors 187
References 203
Feline mast cell tumors 205
References 209
Mast cell tumors in other species 210
Horses 210
Cattle 210
Pigs 211
Other animals 212
References 212
Chapter 7 Tumors of the Hemolymphatic System 213
INTRODUCTION 213
LYMPHOID TUMORS 216
Biological implications of tumor classification 216
Types of lymphoma by species 217
Molecular considerations 218
References 220
Precursor B-cell neoplasms 221
B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma 221
References 225
Mature peripheral B-cell neoplasms 225
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small cell lymphocytic lymphoma/prolymphocytic leukemia 225
References 228
References 233
Myeloma 233
References 235
Marginal zone lymphoma 235
References 240
Mantle cell lymphoma 241
References 243
Follicular lymphoma 244
References 247
Burkitt’s type lymphoma 248
References 250
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma 250
References 255
T-cell-rich large B-cell lymphoma 255
Angiocentric B-cell lymphoma with reactive T cells (lymphomatoid granulomatosis) 258
References 259
T-CELL LYMPHOMAS 260
Precursor T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma 260
References 265
T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small cell lymphocytic lymphoma and large granular lymphocyte types 265
References 269
T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia 270
References 271
T-cell granular lymphocytic leukemia/lymphoma 271
References 276
Peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified 276
References 280
T-zone lymphoma 280
References 283
Intestinal T-cell lymphoma 283
Enteric lymphoma in cats 286
References 288
References 290
Intravascular large T-cell lymphoma, subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma, angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, aggressive NK-cell leukemia/lymphoma 290
Intravascular large T-cell lymphoma 290
Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma 293
Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma 293
Aggressive NK-cell leukemia and blastic lymphoma 294
Aggressive NK-cell leukemia 295
Blastic NK-cell lymphoma 295
References 296
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma 296
References 296
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma 296
Cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma T cell: Non-epitheliotropic cutaneous lymphoma 297
Systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma of T-cell type 297
References 298
MYELOID NEOPLASMS 298
Diagnostic steps 299
Step 1. Rule out lymphoid neoplasia 299
Step 2. Maximize the complete blood cell count 299
Step 3. Review of the blood film 299
Step 4. Aspirate bone marrow 300
Step 5. Bone marrow trephine biopsy 301
Step 6. Flow cytometry 303
Categories of myeloid neoplasms 303
Acute myeloid leukemia 303
Myeloproliferative neoplasms 304
Myelodysplastic syndrome 307
Myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms 308
Myelofibrosis 310
Summary 314
References 314
THYMOMA 315
Paraneoplastic syndromes 316
Pathology 316
References 317
TUMORS OF THE SPLEEN 317
Vascular tumors 317
Hematoma 317
Hemangioma 319
Hemangiosarcoma 319
References 323
Mesenchymal tumors 324
Stromal tumors 324
Myelolipoma 327
Nodular hyperplasia (and fibrohistiocytic nodules) 328
Metastatic tumors 330
References 330
Chapter 8 Canine and Feline Histiocytic Diseases 332
Histiocytic differentiation and canine histiocytic diseases 332
Immunophenotyping in hematopoietic neoplasia 333
CANINE HISTIOCYTIC DISEASES 335
Overview 335
Cutaneous histiocytoma 335
Cutaneous Langerhans cell histiocytosis 336
Histiocytic sarcoma complex 337
Distinctive histiocytic sarcoma syndromes 339
Hemophagocytic histiocytic sarcoma 339
Articular histiocytic sarcoma 340
Central nervous system histiocytic sarcoma 341
Dendritic cell leukemia 341
Canine reactive histiocytoses 341
Cutaneous histiocytosis 341
Systemic histiocytosis 342
FELINE HISTIOCYTIC DISEASES 343
Overview 343
Feline progressive histiocytosis 343
Feline pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis 344
Feline histiocytic sarcoma complex 345
References 345
Chapter 9 Tumors of Joints 347
Introduction 347
General considerations 347
Clinical characteristics 347
Other considerations 347
References 348
MALIGNANT TUMORS 349
Does synovial cell sarcoma exist in animals? 349
Synovial cell sarcoma 350
References 350
Histiocytic sarcoma 351
References 355
Other sarcomas 355
References 355
BENIGN TUMORS 355
Synovial myxoma 355
Synovial hemangioma 357
Periarticular fibroma 358
Giant cell tumor of tendon sheath 359
References 359
NON-NEOPLASTIC LESIONS 360
Synovial chondromatosis 360
References 362
Synovial cysts 362
References 363
Vascular hamartoma 363
References 363
Synovial pad proliferation 363
References 364
Calcinosis circumscripta 364
References 365
Chapter 10 Tumors of Bone 366
General considerations 366
Imaging of bone tumors 366
Cytology 368
Histology 368
References 369
BENIGN TUMORS OF BONES 369
Osteoma, ossifying fibroma, and fibrous dysplasia 370
General considerations 370
Osteoma 370
Ossifying fibroma 372
Fibrous dysplasia 374
References 375
Osteochondroma 376
Feline osteochondromatosis 378
Chondroma 379
Hemangioma of bone 380
Non-ossifying fibroma 381
References 381
MALIGNANT TUMORS OF BONES 382
General considerations 382
References 384
Osteosarcoma 384
Central osteosarcoma 384
Grading of osteosarcomas 398
Surface (juxtacortical) osteosarcoma 399
Parosteal osteosarcoma 399
Periosteal osteosarcoma 400
Extraskeletal osteosarcoma 402
References 403
Chondrosarcoma 404
Central chondrosarcoma 404
Periosteal chondrosarcoma 410
Extraskeletal chondrosarcoma 410
Fibrosarcoma 410
Central fibrosarcoma 410
Periosteal fibrosarcoma 412
Maxillary or mandibular fibrosarcoma of the dog 413
Hemangiosarcoma 414
Incidence, age, breed, and sex 414
References 416
Giant cell tumor of bone 417
Multilobular tumor of bone 419
Liposarcoma 421
Multiple myeloma 422
Malignant lymphoma of bone 424
References 424
SECONDARY TUMORS OF BONES 425
Metastatic bone disease 425
Invasive tumors of bones 427
References 428
TUMOR-LIKE LESIONS OF BONES 428
Exuberant fracture callus 428
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva 429
Cysts 429
Benign (unicameral) bone cysts 429
Aneurysmal bone cysts 431
Subchondral cystic lesions 431
Intraosseous epidermoid cysts 431
References 433
Chapter 11 Tumors of Muscle 435
TUMORS OF SMOOTH MUSCLE 435
General considerations 435
Classification and general histological features 435
Clinicopathologic features 441
References 442
References 443
Smooth muscle tumors of the gastrointestinal system 443
Leiomyoma 443
Leiomyosarcoma 445
References 446
Smooth muscle tumors (leiomyoma) of the gall bladder 447
Smooth muscle tumors of the urinary system 447
Leiomyoma 447
Leiomyosarcoma 447
References 448
Smooth muscle tumors of the genitalia 448
Leiomyoma 448
Leiomyosarcoma 449
Multicentric leiomyomas/leiomyosarcomas of the female genital tract 449
Leiomyofibromatosis/fibroleiomyomas/myofibroblastomas 449
References 451
Smooth muscle tumors of the skin and subcutis 451
Leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma of the spleen and liver 453
Smooth muscle tumors (leiomyoma) of the respiratory tract 453
Leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas at other sites 454
References 454
TUMORS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE 454
General considerations 454
Classification and general histological features 455
Rhabdomyoma 455
Rhabdomyosarcoma 455
References 456
Clinicopathologic features 456
Special diagnostic procedures 457
Ultrastructural features of tumors of skeletal muscle 457
Immunohistochemistry of tumors of skeletal muscle 457
References 459
Rhabdomyoma 459
Laryngeal rhabdomyoma and rhabdomyosarcoma 461
References 461
Rhabdomyosarcoma 461
Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma 463
Botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma 466
Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma 467
Pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma 468
References 469
References 470
Non-myogenic tumors of skeletal muscle 470
Muscle pseudotumors 470
References 471
TUMORS OF CARDIAC MUSCLE 471
Cardiac rhabdomyoma 471
Cardiac rhabdomyosarcoma 472
Cardiac hemangiosarcoma 472
Cardiac lymphoma 472
Cardiac angioleiomyoma in cattle 475
Tumor-like cardiac lesions 475
References 475
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS AND APPROACH TO DIAGNOSIS OF TUMORS OF MUSCLE 475
Chapter 12 Tumors of the Respiratory Tract 477
NASAL CAVITY AND PARANASAL SINUS TUMORS OF THE DOG 477
NASAL CAVITY AND PARANASAL SINUS TUMORS IN OTHER SPECIES 484
Cat 484
Horse 484
Sheep and goats 484
NASAL AND NASOPHARYNGEAL POLYPS 487
Nasopharyngeal and middle ear polyps in cats 487
TUMORS OF THE LARYNX AND TRACHEA 487
Larynx 487
Laryngeal rhabdomyoma of the dog 488
Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma 488
Trachea 489
References 489
TUMORS OF THE LUNG 490
Epithelial tumors 490
Molecular lesions associated with pulmonary neoplasia in domestic animals 501
Feline pulmonary adenocarcinoma 501
Retroviral pulmonary tumors of sheep: ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma 503
Mesenchymal tumors primary to lung 505
Granular cell tumors 505
Lymphohistiocytic tumors of lung 506
Angiocentric inflamed large B-cell lymphoma 506
References 507
Chapter 13 Tumors of the Alimentary Tract 509
INTRODUCTION 509
ORAL TUMORS 510
General considerations 510
Incidence of oral tumors 510
Clinical signs and diagnosis of oral tumors 510
Classification and staging of oral neoplasia 511
References 512
Epithelial neoplasia of the oral cavity 513
Squamous papilloma 513
Squamous cell carcinomas 513
Canine oral squamous cell carcinoma 516
Feline oral squamous cell carcinoma 517
Equine oral squamous cell carcinoma 518
References 518
Mesenchymal tumors of the oral cavity 519
Fibroma 519
Fibrosarcoma 519
Canine oral fibrosarcoma 520
Feline oral fibrosarcoma 521
Feline oral sarcoid 521
Granular cell tumor 521
Tumors of muscle 522
Vascular tumors 523
Benign oral vascular tumors 523
Malignant oral vascular tumors 523
Extramedullary plasmacytoma 523
Mast cell tumor 524
Lymphoma 524
Nerve sheath tumors 524
Liposarcoma 524
Other mesenchymal tumors 525
Tumors arising from developmental abnormalities 525
References 525
Melanocytic neoplasms 525
Canine oral melanocytic tumors 525
Feline oral melanocytic tumors 533
References 533
Non-neoplastic oral tumors 534
Viral papillomas 534
Virally induced oral papillomas in other species 535
Feline eosinophilic granuloma complex 535
Canine eosinophilic granuloma 535
Actinobacillosis 536
Canine hyperplastic gingival lesions 536
Feline nasopharyngeal polyps 536
Feline chronic gingivostomatitis 536
Calcinosis circumscripta 537
References 537
Tumors of the tongue 537
Canine lingual neoplasia 537
Lingual neoplasia in other species 538
References 538
Tumors of the tonsils 538
General considerations 538
Canine tonsillar squamous cell carcinomas 539
Other canine tonsillar neoplasia 540
Tonsillar neoplasia of other species 540
References 540
Odontogenic tumors and cysts 540
General considerations 540
Changes from the previous edition 541
Odontogenesis 543
Immunohistochemistry of odontogenic tumors 544
Tumors of odontogenic epithelium with mature fibrous stroma and without odontogenic ectomesenchyme 544
Ameloblastoma (including keratinizing ameloblastoma and desmoplastic ameloblastoma) 544
Canine acanthomatous ameloblastoma 545
Ameloblastic carcinoma 546
Amyloid-producing odontogenic tumor 546
Tumors of odontogenic epithelium with odontogenic ectomesenchyme, with or without dental hard tissue formation 547
Ameloblastic fibroma and ameloblastic fibro-odontoma including ameloblastic fibrodentinoma 547
Infiltrative inductive ameloblastic fibroma 548
Ameloblastic fibro-odontosarcoma 548
Complex and compound odontoma 548
Tumors of mesenchyme and/or odontogenic ectomesenchyme with or without odontogenic epithelium 549
Cementoma and cementoblastoma 550
Peripheral odontogenic fibroma 550
Odontogenic myxoma and myxosarcoma 551
Odontogenic cysts 551
Dentigerous cyst 551
Radicular cyst 551
Odontogenic parakeratinized cyst 552
Lateral periodontal cyst 552
Non-neoplastic tumors 552
Gingival hyperplasia 552
Peripheral giant cell granuloma 552
References 553
Tumors of the salivary glands 554
General considerations 554
Classification and grading of salivary gland neoplasia 554
Benign epithelial salivary gland neoplasia 555
Malignant epithelial salivary gland neoplasia 555
Non-epithelial salivary gland neoplasia 557
Canine salivary gland neoplasia 557
Feline salivary gland neoplasia 557
Salivary gland neoplasia of other domestic species 558
Non-neoplastic salivary gland tumors 558
Salivary gland cysts 558
Salivary gland infarction and canine necrotizing sialometaplasia 558
Lipomatosis 558
References 559
TUMORS OF THE ESOPHAGUS 559
General considerations 559
Clinical signs and diagnosis of esophageal neoplasia 559
Staging of esophageal neoplasia 559
Epithelial tumors 560
Squamous cell carcinomas 560
Canine, feline, and equine esophageal squamous cell carcinomas 560
Bovine esophageal squamous cell carcinomas 560
Other epithelial tumors 561
Mesenchymal tumors 561
Leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma 561
Other mesenchymal tumors 561
Tumors associated with Spirocerca lupi 561
Non-neoplastic tumors 562
Viral papillomas 562
Bovine esophageal squamous papillomas 562
Bovine esophageal fibropapillomas 562
Idiopathic esophageal muscular hypertrophy of horses 562
Feline papillomatous esophagitis 562
Esophageal cysts 563
References 563
Tumors of the bovine forestomachs 563
Tumors of the ovine forestomachs 564
References 564
TUMORS OF THE STOMACH 564
General considerations 564
Incidence and etiology of gastric tumors 564
Clinical signs and diagnosis of gastric neoplasia 564
References 565
Epithelial tumors 565
Adenoma 565
Adenocarcinoma 565
Canine gastric adenocarcinomas 566
Gastric adenocarcinomas of the other domestic species 567
Gastric squamous cell carcinoma 567
Neuroendocrine carcinomas (gastric carcinoids) 569
References 569
Mesenchymal tumors 570
General considerations 570
Leiomyoma 570
Leiomyosarcomas 570
Gastrointestinal stroma tumors 570
Lymphoma 570
Other mesenchymal neoplasms 571
References 571
Non-neoplastic tumors 571
Hyperplastic polyps 571
Smooth muscle hamartoma 572
Chronic hypertrophic pyloric gastropathy 572
Hypertrophic gastropathy 572
References 572
TUMORS OF THE INTESTINE 573
References 574
Epithelial tumors 574
Adenoma 574
Adenocarcinoma 574
Canine intestinal adenocarcinomas 575
Feline intestinal adenocarcinomas 576
Equine intestinal adenocarcinomas 578
Ovine intestinal adenocarcinoma 578
Neuroendocrine carcinomas (intestinal carcinoids) 578
References 579
Mesenchymal tumors 579
Lymphoma 579
Feline gastrointestinal lymphoma 580
Canine gastrointestinal lymphoma 584
Equine gastrointestinal lymphoma 584
Gastrointestinal lymphoma in other species 586
References 586
References 589
References 596
Non-neoplastic intestinal tumors 596
Hyperplastic polyps 596
Hamartoma 596
Hematoma 596
Idiopathic hypertrophy of intestinal smooth muscle 596
Feline gastrointestinal eosinophilic sclerosing fibroplasia 597
Idiopathic eosinophilic gastrointestinal masses 597
Diverticula 597
Feline coronaviral vasculitis (feline infectious peritonitis) 597
Enterocolitis 598
References 598
TUMORS OF THE RECTUM 598
General considerations 598
Epithelial tumors of the canine rectum 598
Hyperplastic polyp 599
Adenoma 599
In situ carcinoma 600
Adenocarcinoma 601
Other tumors of the canine rectum 601
Rectal tumors in other species 602
References 602
TUMORS OF THE PERITONEUM AND RETROPERITONEUM 602
Incidence and etiology 602
Mesothelioma 602
Canine peritoneal mesothelioma 604
Feline peritoneal mesothelioma 605
Equine peritoneal mesothelioma 605
Bovine peritoneal mesothelioma 605
Retroperitoneal neoplasms 605
Lipoma 605
Other retroperitoneal sarcomas 605
Secondary tumors 606
Non-neoplastic tumors of the peritoneum 606
Sclerosing encapsulated peritonitis 606
Abdominal fat necrosis 606
References 606
TUMORS OF THE EXOCRINE PANCREAS 607
Epithelial tumors 607
Adenoma 607
Adenocarcinoma 607
Canine pancreatic adenocarcinoma 609
Feline pancreatic adenocarcinoma 609
Pancreatic adenocarcinomas in other species 610
Other pancreatic neoplasms 610
Non-neoplastic tumors 610
Acinar cell hyperplasia 610
Ductular hyperplasia 610
Pancreatic cysts 611
References 611
Chapter 14 Tumors of the Liver and Gallbladder 612
EPITHELIAL NEOPLASMS OF THE LIVER 612
Nodular hyperplasia 612
Regenerative nodules 614
Hepatocellular adenoma 615
Hepatocellular carcinoma 617
Mixed hepatocellular and cholangiocellular carcinoma 624
Hepatoblastoma 624
References 625
BILIARY NEOPLASMS 626
Cholangiocellular adenoma (biliary adenoma) 626
Cholangiocellular carcinoma (biliary carcinoma, bile duct carcinoma) 627
References 631
Adenomas and carcinomas of the gallbladder 632
Cystic mucinous hyperplasia of the gallbladder 633
References 634
Hepatic carcinoids 634
References 636
MESENCHYMAL TUMORS OF THE LIVER 636
Hemangiosarcoma 636
Sarcomas and other mesenchymal tumors 638
Hepatic myelolipoma 638
References 638
METASTATIC NEOPLASIA 639
References 641
Chapter 15 Tumors of the Urinary System 642
RENAL TUMORS 642
Epithelial tumors 642
Adenoma 644
Carcinoma 648
Oncocytoma 654
References 655
Nodular dermatofibrosis and renal cell tumors 655
Urothelial (transitional) cell papilloma and carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and undifferentiated carcinoma 656
Embryonal tumors 656
Nephroblastoma (embryonal nephroma) 656
Teratoma 659
References 659
Mesenchymal tumors 660
General considerations 660
Undifferentiated sarcoma 660
Hemangioma and hemangiosarcoma 660
Fibroma and fibrosarcoma 660
Renal interstitial cell tumors 660
Mesoblastic nephroma 661
Angiomyxoma 661
References 661
Etiology 662
References 662
Metastatic tumors 663
General considerations 663
Lymphoma 664
Adrenal tumors 664
Tumor-like lesions 664
Hamartoma 664
Telangiectasia 664
Granulomas 664
Cysts/polyps 664
References 666
TUMORS OF THE RENAL PELVIS AND URETER 666
TUMORS OF THE URINARY BLADDER AND URETHRA 666
References 672
Epithelial tumors 672
Papilloma 675
Adenoma 675
Transitional cell carcinoma – urothelial carcinoma 676
Squamous cell carcinoma 685
Adenocarcinoma 686
Undifferentiated carcinoma 686
References 686
Etiology 687
References 689
Mesenchymal tumors 690
Leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma 690
Rhabdomyosarcoma 691
Fibroma and fibrosarcoma 691
Hemangioma and hemangiosarcoma 695
Metastatic tumors 695
References 695
Tumor-like lesions 695
Polypoid (papillary) cystitis 695
Eosinophilic cystitis 695
Metaplasia 697
Squamous metaplasia 697
Glandular metaplasia (cystitis glandularis) 697
Brunn’s nests (Von Brunn’s nests) 697
Inflammatory pseudotumors 697
Gossypiboma textilioma 697
Urethral tumors 698
References 698
Chapter 16 Tumors of the Genital Systems 699
INTRODUCTION AND EMBRYOLOGY 699
TUMORS OF THE OVARY 700
Introduction 700
Epithelial tumors 700
Sex cord stromal tumors 704
Germ cell tumors 708
Dysgerminoma 708
Teratoma 708
Other tumors 708
Mixed tumors 708
Mesenchymal tumors 708
Metastatic non-ovarian cancer 708
Cysts 708
Ovarian cysts 708
Parovarian cysts 710
Vascular hamartoma 710
Ovarian hematoma 710
Ovarian choristoma 710
References 710
TUMORS OF THE UTERINE TUBE (OVIDUCT) AND UTERUS 711
Epithelial tumors 711
Tumors of the uterine epithelium 711
Tumors of the chorionic epithelium 714
Mesenchymal tumors 714
Hyperplastic and tumor-like lesions of the uterus 714
Adenomyosis 714
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia 714
Uterine stromal polyp 714
Subinvolution of placental sites 714
Miscellaneous uterine cysts 715
References 715
TUMORS OF THE CERVIX, VAGINA, AND VULVA 715
Epithelial tumors 715
Papilloma 715
Squamous cell carcinoma 715
Carcinoma of the vestibule 715
Mesenchymal tumors 715
Tumor-like lesions of the vagina and vulva 716
References 716
TUMORS OF THE TESTICLE 716
Introduction 716
Sex cord stromal tumors 717
Sertoli cell tumor 717
Interstitial (Leydig) cell tumor 718
Germ cell tumors 720
Seminoma 720
Teratoma 721
Embryonal carcinoma 721
Yolk sac carcinoma 723
Mixed tumors of the testicle 723
Mixed germ cell–sex cord stromal tumors 723
Gonadoblastoma 723
Other tumors of the testicle 723
Mesothelioma 723
Adenoma/carcinoma of the rete testis 723
Metastatic tumors 723
Tumor-like lesions of the tissues adjacent to the testicle 723
Cysts 723
Choristoma 723
References 724
TUMORS OF THE SPERMATIC CORD, EPIDIDYMIS, AND ACCESSORY SEX GLANDS 724
Tumors of the spermatic cord and epididymis 724
Tumors and tumor?like lesions of the prostate 724
Squamous metaplasia 724
Hyperplasia and hypertrophy 724
Carcinoma 726
Other tumors of the prostate 727
TUMORS OF THE MALE EXTERNAL GENITALIA 727
Epithelial tumors 727
Fibropapilloma of cattle 727
Transmissible genital papilloma of the pig 727
Squamous papilloma 727
Squamous cell carcinoma 728
Mesenchymal tumors 728
Transmissible venereal tumor of the dog 728
Other tumors 731
References 731
Chapter 17 Tumors of the Mammary Gland 733
Epidemiology 733
Risk factors 733
Clinical presentation 734
References 735
Normal anatomy, histology, and immunohistochemistry 735
Normal histology 736
Neural innervation, vascularization, and lymph drainage 737
Cell differentiation markers 737
References 739
Hormones and growth factors 740
Steroid hormone receptors in canine mammary tumors 740
Estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors 740
Proliferation and other tumor markers 741
Estrogen receptor ? and androgen receptors 741
Steroid hormone receptors in feline mammary tumors 741
Insulin and growth hormone 741
Prolactin 741
Epidermal growth factor and receptors 741
Epidermal growth factor receptor 741
HER2 742
Vascular endothelial growth factors and cyclooxygenase 2 742
Other hormones and growth factors 742
References 742
CLASSIFICATION OF MAMMARY TUMORS 743
Molecular classification of canine and feline mammary carcinomas 744
References 744
Grading of canine mammary tumors 744
References 745
CLASSIFICATION OF CANINE MAMMARY TUMORS 745
Hyperplasia/dysplasia 746
Duct ectasia 746
Lobular hyperplasia 746
Regular lobular hyperplasia 747
Lobular hyperplasia with secretory activity (lactational) 748
Lobular hyperplasia with fibrosis 748
Lobular hyperplasia with atypia 748
Epitheliosis 748
Papillomatosis 748
Fibroadenomatous change 748
Gynecomastia 749
Benign mammary neoplasms 749
Adenoma 749
Intraductal papillary adenoma (duct papilloma) 749
Ductal adenoma (basaloid adenoma) 750
Ductal adenoma with squamous differentiation (keratohyaline granules) 750
Fibroadenoma 751
Myoepithelioma 751
Complex adenoma (adenomyoepithelioma) 752
Benign mixed tumor 753
Malignant epithelial neoplasms 753
Carcinoma in situ 753
Tubular carcinoma 754
Tubulopapillary carcinoma 754
Cystic-papillary carcinoma 754
Cribriform carcinoma 754
Micropapillary invasive carcinoma 754
Solid carcinoma 755
Comedocarcinoma 756
Anaplastic carcinoma 756
Carcinoma arising in a complex adenoma/mixed tumor 758
Complex carcinoma 758
Carcinoma and malignant myoepithelioma 758
Carcinoma – mixed type 759
Ductal carcinoma 760
Intraductal papillary carcinoma 760
Malignant epithelial neoplasms – special types 760
Squamous cell carcinoma 760
Adenosquamous carcinoma 760
Mucinous carcinoma 761
Lipid-rich (secretory) carcinoma 761
Spindle cell carcinomas 761
Malignant myoepithelioma 762
Squamous cell carcinoma – spindle cell variant 762
Spindle cell variant of carcinoma 762
Inflammatory carcinoma 763
Malignant mesenchymal neoplasms (sarcomas) 763
Osteosarcoma 763
Chondrosarcoma 764
Fibrosarcoma 764
Hemangiosarcoma 764
Carcinosarcoma (malignant mixed mammary tumor) 764
Neoplasms of the nipple 764
Carcinoma with epidermal infiltration (Paget’s?like disease) 764
Melanosis of the skin of the nipple 765
References 766
FELINE MAMMARY GLAND TUMORS 767
Grading of feline mammary tumors 767
References 767
CLASSIFICATION OF FELINE MAMMARY GLAND TUMORS 767
Hyperplasia and dysplasia 767
Duct papillomatosis 768
Fibroadenomatous change 768
Benign neoplasms 768
Intraductal papillary adenoma (duct papilloma) 768
Ductal adenoma 768
Malignant epithelial neoplasms 769
Cribriform carcinoma 769
Micropapillary invasive carcinoma 769
Comedocarcinoma 769
Anaplastic carcinoma 769
Intraductal papilary carcinoma 769
Ductal carcinoma 769
Malignant epithelial neoplasms – special types 771
Adenosquamous carcinoma 771
Mucinous carcinoma 771
Lipid?rich carcinoma 771
Malignant mesenchymal neoplasms 771
Inflammatory carcinoma 771
References 771
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO PROGNOSTIC FACTORS 771
Canine prognostic factors 772
Epidemiological prognostic factors 772
Clinical prognostic factors 772
Histological prognostic factors 772
Immunohistochemical prognostic factors 772
Feline prognostic factors 773
Epidemiological prognostic factors 773
Clinical prognostic factors 773
Histological prognostic factors 773
Other morphological parameters 774
Immunohistochemical prognostic factors 774
References 774
SPONTANEOUS MAMMARY TUMORS OF OTHER SPECIES 775
References 775
Chapter 18 Tumors of the Endocrine Glands 776
TUMORS OF THE PITUITARY GLAND 778
Functional corticotroph (chromophobe) adenoma in pars distalis 778
Nonfunctional chromophobe adenoma in pars distalis 782
Adenoma of the pars intermedia 783
Acidophil adenoma of pars distalis 787
Pituitary chromophobe carcinoma 789
Craniopharyngioma (intracranial germ cell tumor) 790
Basophil adenoma of pars distalis 790
Metastatic tumors to the pituitary gland 790
References 792
TUMORS OF THE ADRENAL GLAND 792
Tumors of the adrenal cortex: adenoma, carcinoma, myelolipoma 792
Ectopic adrenal cortex 796
References 797
Tumors of the adrenal medulla: pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroma 797
References 801
TUMORS, HYPERPLASIA, AND CYSTS OF THYROID FOLLICULAR CELLS 801
Tumors of thyroid follicular cells: adenoma, carcinoma 801
Transgenic animal models of thyroid carcinogenesis 809
Thyroid carcinogenesis and radiation 809
Thyroid carcinogenesis and xenobiotic chemicals 809
Hyperplasia of thyroid follicular cells: hyperplastic, colloid, nodular, and congenital goiter 809
Hyperplastic goiter 809
Colloid goiter 810
Nodular goiter 812
Tumors of thyroglossal duct remnants 813
References 813
Tumors of thyroid C cells (parafollicular cells ultimobranchial derivatives): adenoma, carcinoma
References 819
TUMORS OF THE PARATHYROID GLAND 819
Chief cell adenoma and carcinoma 819
Non-neoplastic parathyroid cysts (Kürsteiner’s cysts) 825
References 825
CANCER-ASSOCIATED HYPERCALCEMIA 826
Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (pseudohyperparathyroidism) 826
References 831
TUMORS OF THE PANCREATIC ISLET CELLS 832
Beta cell (insulin-secreting) tumors: islet cell adenoma (insulinoma), carcinoma (malignant insulinoma) 832
Non–beta cell tumors of the pancreatic islets 836
Gastrin cell (gastrin-secreting) tumors: islet cell adenoma (gastrinoma) and carcinoma (malignant gastrinoma) 837
Alpha cell (glucagon-producing) islet cell adenoma (glucagonoma) 837
Delta cell (somatostatin-producing) islet cell adenoma (somatostatinoma) 837
Pancreatic polypeptide-secreting islet cell carcinoma 837
References 837
TUMORS OF THE CHEMORECEPTOR ORGANS 838
Aortic and carotid body: adenoma (chemodectoma), carcinoma (malignant chemodectoma) 838
Extra-adrenal paraganglioma 842
References 843
Chapter 19 Tumors of the Nervous System 844
INTRODUCTION 844
General considerations 844
Classification and grading systems 844
Clinical characteristics 845
Clinical pathology 845
Current advances in brain tumor therapy 846
New emerging techniques in diagnostic neuro?oncology 846
References 847
PRIMARY TUMORS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 847
Astrocytoma 847
Other nonclassified glial neoplasms 854
References 854
Oligodendroglioma 854
References 858
Oligoastrocytoma (mixed glioma) 858
References 859
Ependymal tumors 859
References 863
Choroid plexus tumors 863
References 865
Neuronal and mixed neuronal–glial tumors 866
Ganglioglioma and gangliocytoma 866
Ganglioneuroma and ganglioneuromatosis 866
References 868
References 869
References 870
Embryonal tumors: primitive neuroectodermal tumors 870
Medulloblastoma 870
Neuroblastoma and ganglioneuroblastoma 872
Medulloepithelioma 872
Ependymoblastoma 872
References 872
Ectopic nephroblastoma of the canine thoracolumbar spinal cord 873
References 874
Meningiomas 874
References 879
Meningioangiomatosis 879
References 880
Granular cell tumor 880
References 882
Lymphoma and neurolymphomatosis 882
References 886
Intravascular lymphoma 886
References 887
Histiocytic sarcoma of the CNS 887
References 889
Suprasellar germ cell tumors 889
Germinomas 889
Teratomas 890
References 890
References 891
Tumors of the cranial and paraspinal peripheral nerves 891
Schwannoma 892
Neurofibroma 897
Perineurioma 897
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor 898
References 899
METASTATIC (SECONDARY) TUMORS OF THE CNS 899
References 901
Chapter 20 Tumors of the Eye 902
TUMORS OF THE OCULAR SURFACE TISSUES 902
Tumors of meibomian gland origin 902
Conjunctival melanoma 903
Bovine squamous cell carcinoma 903
Equine squamous cell carcinoma 904
Canine and feline squamous cell carcinoma 905
Adenocarcinoma of the gland of the third eyelid in dogs and cats 905
Feline conjunctival surface adenocarcinoma (mucoepidermoid carcinoma) 905
Hemangioma and hemangiosarcoma of all species 906
Conjunctival lipogranuloma of cats 909
Papillary conjunctival tumors of dogs 910
The histiocytic proliferative disorders of the lids, conjunctiva, and globes of dogs 910
References 912
TUMORS OF THE GLOBE 913
Canine ocular melanoma 913
Feline diffuse iris melanoma 913
Equine melanocytic tumors 917
Iridociliary epithelial tumors in  dogs and cats 918
Canine uveal schwannoma in blue?eyed dogs 919
Primitive neuroectodermal tumors and medulloepithelioma of dogs, cats, and horses 921
Feline post-traumatic sarcoma, three variants: spindle cell, lymphoma, osteosarcoma/chondrosarcoma 922
Lymphoma 924
Metastatic ocular neoplasia 925
References 925
TUMORS OF THE OPTIC NERVE AND ORBIT 925
Orbital meningioma of dogs 925
Glioma/astrocytoma of the optic nerve or retina 926
Feline restrictive orbital myofibroblastic sarcoma 926
Canine lobular orbital adenoma 928
Canine orbital hibernoma 928
Canine orbital rhabdomyosarcoma 928
Other orbital mass lesions of dogs and cats 928
References 932
Chapter 21 Tumors of the Ear 933
General considerations 933
INTERNAL EAR 933
Tumors 933
References 934
MIDDLE EAR 935
Epithelial tumors 935
Papillary adenoma 935
Carcinomas 935
References 936
Guttural pouch 936
Guttural pouch cysts 937
Guttural pouch neoplasia 937
References 937
Non-epithelial tumors 937
Lymphoma 937
Jugulotympanic paraganglioma 937
Mesenchymal tumors 938
References 939
Aural inflammatory polyps 939
References 941
Tympanokeratomas (cholesteatomas) 941
Cholesterol granulomas 941
References 942
Mucoperiosteal exostoses (otolithiasis) 942
References 943
EXTERNAL EAR 943
Epithelial tumors 943
Trichoblastomas 943
Aural papillomas 944
Aural plaques 944
References 944
Ceruminous gland tumors 945
Squamous cell carcinomas 945
Carcinomas of undetermined origin 946
References 947
Aural melanomas 947
Spindle cell tumors 948
Cartilage tumors 948
Round cell tumors 948
Hemangiosarcomas 949
References 949
Temporal odontomata (dentigerous cyst) 949
Auricular chondritis 949
Auricular chondrosis 950
Ceruminous cystomatosis 950
References 951
Appendix: Diagnostic Schemes and Algorithms 952
Introduction 952
Mitotic count 954
Canine melanomas and melanocytic neoplasms 956
Histologic grading of canine cutaneous mast cell tumors 958
Prognosis of canine cutaneous mast cell tumors 959
Canine subcutaneous mast cell tumors 961
Cytologic grading of canine cutaneous mast cell tumors 962
Evaluation of regional lymph node metastasis in canine cutaneous mast cell tumors 963
Canine oral perioral mast cell tumors 965
Feline cutaneous mast cell tumors 966
Canine soft tissue mesenchymal tumor (sarcoma) 967
Canine soft tissue mesenchymal tumor: Future? 969
Joint tumors in dogs 970
Lymphoma and lymphoid leukemia prognoses 971
Enlarged lymph node evaluation in dogs 975
Bone marrow evaluation 976
PARR (PCR for antigen receptor rearrangement) 977
Canine and feline nasal tumors 979
Scoring system and prognosis for canine lung tumors 980
Histologic grading and prognosis for feline lung tumors 981
Mammary 982
Urothelial (transitional) cell carcinoma (UC) 983
Canine breed predispositions for epidermal and melanocytic tumors 986
Index 989
EULA 1000

"The fifth edition of Tumors in Domestic Animals has some substantial changes from the previous edition, the most immediately striking of which is the inclusion of color, which greatly adds to the illustrative power of the images. This edition contains several new chapters and updates to other chapters. Particularly noteworthy are the new chapters on trimming tissue specimens for submission and immunohistochemistry and updates to chapter 1, the section on lymphoma, and the diagnostic and prognostic algorithms in the appendices. Overall, the information contained in this book reflects the substantial progress made in veterinary oncology during the 15 years since the previous edition was released"..... "Overall, this book is reasonably priced and should be in the library of anyone with an interest in veterinary pathology or clinical oncology." (Reviewed by Claire Cannon, BVSc, DACVIM, University of Minnesota 15th June 2017 AVMA)

"Tumors in domestic animals commences with a brief introduction to cancer biology, followed by a discussion of the processes required for tissue specimens to be examined by pathologists, including trimming tumours and margin evaluation. This information is invaluable for clinicians to ensure they provide the most useful samples, allowing pathologists to make the most accurate diagnosis....This text will be a welcome addition to every small animal veterinarian's library, but particularly so for those with a keen interest in oncology and pathology." -Australian Veterinary Journal Vol.96, No. 12, December 2018