International Neurology 2e

ROBERT P. LISAK, FAAN, FRCP (E), FANA Parker Webber Chair in Neurology, Professor of Neurology, Professor of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine; Attending Neurologist, Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA DANIEL D. TRUONG MD FAAN The Truong Neuroscience Institute, Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA, USA; Professor, University California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA WILLIAM M. CARROLL MBBS MD FRACP FRCP(E) Clinical Professor of Neurology, Western Australian Research Institute, University of Western Australia, Australia ROONGROJ BHIDAYASIRI MD FRCP Director, Chulalongkorn Comprehensive Movement Disorders Center Chulalongkorn University Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

List of contributors Foreword Endorsement from the World Federation of Neurology Preface Part 1 Vascular 1 Overview of Stroke Christopher Li-Hsian Chen, Chung Y. Hsu 2 Ischemic Stroke and Transient Events, TIA Lidia Yamada, Shelly Ozark, Bruce Ovbiagele 3 Atherothrombotic Disease Nijasri C. Suwanwela 4 Occlusion Disease of Small Penetrating Arteries Marie Dagonnier, Takeshi Iwanaga, Hock L. Teoh, Jorge A. Zavala, Geoffrey A. Donann 5 Ischemic White Matter Disease (Binswanger s disease) Saltanat U. Kamenova, Aida M. Kondybayeva, Assiya Akanova 6 Brain Embolism Bernard P. L. Chan, N. Venketasubramanian, Chung Y. Hsu 7 Systemic Hypotensive Injury (Border Zone Infarction) Thomas W. Leung 8 Dissection of the Cervicocerebral Arteries Nijasri C. Suwanwela 9 Coagulation Disorders Kay Sin Tan 10 Hemorrhagic Strokes Anna Katharina Flugel, Thorsten Steiner, Josef Schill, Nauman Jahangir, Morad Chughtai, Mushtaq H. Qureshi, Adnan I. Qureshi 11 Strokes in Children and Young Adults Alfred Lindner, Ute Berweiler 12 Other Cerebrovascular Syndromes David J. Blacker 13 Cerebral Venous Disease Patrick W. Carney, Stephen M. Davis 14 Spinal Cord Strokes Rohini Bhole, Louis R. Caplan Part 2 Disorders of Cerebrovacular Autonomic Control 15 Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstrictive Syndrome (RCVS) Shih-Pin Chen, Shuu-Jiun Wang 16 Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) Pratik Bhattacharya Part 3 The Vasculitides Inflammatory vasculopathy 17 Extracranial and Intracranial Granulomatous Arteritis (Giant cell arteritis) Gregory P. Van Stavern 18 Intracranial granulomatous Arteritis (primary Angiitis of the CNS)/ Idiopathic CNS Vasculitis Donald Silberberg 19 Takayasu s Arteritis Yasuhisa Kitagawa 20 Polyarteritis Nodosa, Churg-Strauss and Overlap Vasculitis Syndrome Arnold I. Levinson, Robert P Lisak 21 Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPS) Gerard Said 22 Cerebrovascular Disease Associated with Antiphospholipid Antibody Adrian Marchidann, Steven R. Levine 23 Thromboangiitis Obliterans Buerger disease Kumar Rajamani 24 Susac s disease Rachel E. Ventura, Steven L. Galetta Part 4 Inflammatory Vasculopathies 25 SLE, Rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren s syndrome Marc Gotkine, Oded Abramsky 26 Progressive Systemic Sclerosis Ho Jin Kim, Jae-Won Hyun 27 Mixed connective tissue disorders Ho Jin Kim, Jae-Won Hyun 28 Micro vasculitides and Behcet s disease Ugur Uygunoglu, Sabahattin Saip, Aksel Siva 29 Sarcoidosis Barney J. Stern 30 Autoimmune Encephalitis with Neuronal Cell Surface Antibodies Josep Dalmau, Myrna R. Rosenfeld Part 5 Paroxysmal disorders 31 Epilepsy Overview Andres M. Kanner, Barbara E. Swartz 32 Cryptogenic and Symptomatic Generalized Epilepsies and Syndromes Marco T. Medina, Antonio V. Delgado-Escueta, Luis C. Rodriguez Salinas, Marco Medina-Montoya, Barbara E Swartz 33 Genetic (primary) Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsies Afawi Zaid, Altynshash Jaxybayeva 34 Localization Related Epilepsies Hirokazu Oguni, Chrysostomos P. Panayiotopoulos 35 Neurodiagnostic Tools for the Paroxysmal Disorders Barbara E. Swartz 36 Neuropharmacology of Antiepileptic Drugs Paul B. Pritchard, III 37 Surgical and Other Treatment Ivan Rektor, Barbara E. Swartz Part 6 Dementia 38 Dementia Overview Murray Grossman 39 Mild cognitive impairment to include amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer s disease David Wolk, Sanjeev Vaishnavi 40 Parkinson's Dementia, Lewy Body Disease and Other Synucleinopathies Irena Rektorova, Marek Bala?, Robert Rusina, Radoslav Matij 41 Specific Vascular Syndromes Elka Stefanova, Vladimir Kosti? 42 Vascular cognitive Impairment Elka Stefanova, Vladimir Kosti? 43 Frontotemporal dementia Katya Rascovsky, Diana Matallana 44 Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, Corticobasal Syndrome and Other Tauopathies David J. Irwin 45 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Other TDP-43 Proteinopathies Albert C. Ludolph 46 Metabolic, toxic, infectious, inflammatory and other dementias John M. Ringman, Arousiak Varpetian, Yu-Wei Lin Part 7 Movement Disorders 47 Movement disorders: An overview Roongroj Bhidayasiri, Jirada Sringean, Daniel D. Truong 48 Tremor Jan Raethjen, Gunther Deuschl 49 Parkinsonism Dronacharya Lamichhane, Lisa M. Shulman 50 Parkinson s disease Daniel D. Truong, Roongroj Bhidayasiri 51 Dystonia Stanley Fahn 52 Chorea and related disorders Roongroj Bhidayasiri, Onanong Jitkritsadakul, Daniel D. Truong 53 Myoclonus John N. Caviness, Daniel D. Truong 54 Tics and Tourette syndrome Valerie Suski, Mark Stacy 55 Ataxia Sergey N. Illarioshkin 56 Drug induced movement disorders Rick Stell 57 Paroxysmal movement disorders Sopio Sopromadze, Alexander Tsiskaridze Part 8 Infectious diseases Bacterial infections 58 Acute bacterial meningitis Sudesh Prabhakar 59 Brain abscess Gagandeep Singh 60 Subdural empyema Sandi Lam, Eric Momin 61 Epidural abscess Sandi Lam, Humphrey Okechi, Jared Fridley 62 Intracranial septic thrombophlebitis Ismail A. Khatri, Mohammad Wasay 63 Encephalitis due to bacterial infections Karen L. Roos, Jennifer Durphy Mycobacterial infections 64 Mycobacterium tuberculosis and avium Einar P. Wilder-Smith 65 Leprosy Minh Le, Minh Hoang Van Spirochetal infections 66 Neurosyphilis Jonathan Carr 67 Lyme disease Patricia K. Coyle Protozoan diseases 68 Introduction to protozoans of the central nervous system Marylou V. Solbrig 69 Amoebic disease of the central nervous system Melanie Walker 70 Toxoplasmosis of the central nervous system Marylou V. Solbrig 71 Cerebral malaria Polrat Wilairatana, Srivicha Krudsood, Noppadon Tangpukdee 72 Trypanosomiasis Francisco Javier Carod-Artal Helminthic 73 Cestodes Oscar H. Del Brutto 74 Trematodes: schistosomiasis Manjari Tripathi 75 Nematodes Manjari Tripathi Other infection 76 Fungal infections of the central nervous system Thomas Cesario 77 Rickettsial disease Kelly J Baldwin, Narendra Rathi Part 9 Prion diseases and Neurovirology 78 Prion Disorders Ellen Gelpi, Herbert Budka 79 Acute and recurrent viral meningitis Larry E. Davis 80 Acute viral encephalitis Heng Thay Chong, Chong Tin Tan 81 Neurologic complications of human herpes virus infections Don Gilden, Maria A. Nagel 82 Chronic viral diseases of the CNS Maria A. Nagel, Don Gilden 83 Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, PML Salim Chahin, Thomas Weber, Joseph R. Berger HIV and the Nervous System 84 Biology of the HIV Virus and overview of AIDS Alexandros C. Tselis 85 HIV encephalitis and myelopathy Girish Modi, Kapila Hari, Andre Mochan 86 Neuromuscular complications of HIV David M. Simpson, Kara Stavros 87 Opportunistic Infections in HIV Positive Subjects and AIDS patients B. J. Brew, A. Laffan 88 Neurologic Complications of HTLV-1 Abelardo Q-C Araujo, Marco A. Lima, Marcus Tulius Silva Part 10 Demyelinating Disorders 89 Multiple sclerosis Robert P. Lisak, Jun-Ichi Kira 90 Multiple sclerosis in children Sarah E. Hopkins, Yael Hacohen, Sona Narula, Brenda L Banwell 91 Neuromyelitis optica William M. Carroll 92 Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis Sona Narula, Sarah E. Hopkins, Yael Hacohen, and Brenda Banwell 93 Isolated inflammatory demyelinating CNS syndromes Ernest Willoughby 94 Osmotic demyelination syndromes Ovidiu-Alexandru Bajenaru 95 Concentric sclerosis Takeshi Tabira Part 11 Specific toxicities and deficiencies 96 Toxicology Chin-Chang Huang, Nai-Shin Chu 97 Alcohol related neurological disorders Yuri Alekseenko 98 Vitamin Deficiencies Jacques Serratrice, Volodymyr Golyk 99 Starvation, Strachan syndrome and postgastroplasty syndrome Ivan Milanov, Vesselina Grozeva Part 12 Peripheral Neuropathies 100 Peripheral Neuropathies overview Friedhelm Sandbrink 101 Hereditary neuropathies Liying Cui, Mingsheng Liu 102 Acquired Neuropathies Friedhelm Sandbrink 103 Plexopathies Friedhelm Sandbrink Part 13 Neuromuscular Disorders Hereditary Neuromuscular Disorders Degenerative upper and lower motor neuron disorders 104 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Bjorn Oskarsson, Nanette Joyce, Steven P. Ringel 105 Progressive Muscular Atrophy (PMA) James Ha, Steven P. Ringel, Bjorn Oskarsson 106 Primary Lateral Sclerosis (PLS) Nanette Joyce, Bjorn Oskarsson, Yvonne D. Rollins, Steven P. Ringel 107 Hereditary spastic paraplegia Ildefonso Rodriguez-Leyva 108 Spinal muscular atrophy Sabine Rudnik-Schoneborn, Klaus Zerres 109 Post-polio syndrome Nils Erik Gilhus Degenerative Muscle Disorders 110 Limb girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMD) A. J. van der Kooi, M. de Visser 111 Dystrophinopathies Chiara S. M. Straathofa, Marianne de Visserb 112 Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD) George W. Padberg 113 Myotonic disorders Giovanni Meola, Rosanna Cardani 114 Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy (OPMD) Luis A. Chui, Tahseen Mozaffar, Namita A. Goyal 115 Emery Dreifuss and other laminopathies Malcolm Rabie, Yoram Nevo 116 Muscle channelopathies Karen Suetterlin, Michael G. Hanna 117 Congenital dystrophies and myopathies Young-Chul Choi 118 Congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) Angela Abicht, Ulrike Schara 119 Distal myopathies Phillipa J. Lamont, Nigel G. Laing Acquired Neuromuscular Disorders 120 Polymyositis Marinos C. Dalakas 121 Dermatomyositis Marinos C. Dalakas 122 Inclusion body myositis (IBM) Merrilee Needham, Frank L. Mastaglia 123 Immune mediated inflammatory myopathies Werner Stenzel, Hans-Hilmar Goebel, Olivier Benveniste, Yves Allenbach 124 Toxic myopathies Stefen Brady, David Hilton-Jones 125 Critical illness neuromuscular disorders Nicola Latronico, Frank A. Rasulo 126 Exercise intolerance and myoglobinuria John Vissing 127 Muscle cramps Kimiyoshi Arimura, Raymond L. Rosales 128 Myasthenia gravis Richard A. Lewis 129 LEMS Emilia Kerty 130 NMJ disorders caused by drugs and toxins Zohar Argov Part 14 Neurogenetic 131 Neurogenetic Karen P. Frei, Janice Fuentes Part 15 Neurootology 132 Neurootology Kevin A. Kerber Part 16 Neuroophthalmology 133 Neuroophthalmology Anuchit Poonyathalang Part 17 Neuro-oncology 134 Neuro-oncology overview Marc C. Chamberlain Glial tumors 135 High grade astrocytomas Olivier-L Chinot, Marc C. Chamberlain 136 Low grade astrocytomas M.J. van den Bent 137 Low grade and anaplastic oligodendroglioma Sergio Cabrera, Catherine Maurice, Warren P. Mason 138 Brain stem glioma Ira J. Dunkel, Mark M. Souweidane 139 Intracranial ependymoma Marc C. Chamberlain Non-glial tumors 140 Nerve sheath tumors Nathan J. Ranalli, Zarina S. Ali, Gregory G. Heuer, Eric L. Zager 141 Meningiomas Jeffrey Raizer, Simran Singh 142 Medulloblastoma Alba A. Brandes, Regina I. Jakacki, Enrico Franceschi 143 Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) Deborah T. Blumenthal, Idan Ben-Horin Metastatic tumors 144 Brain metastases Babita Jyoti, Farida Balkhi Alam, Silvia Hofer, Michael Brada 145 Leptomeningeal metastases Emilie Le Rhun, Sophie Taillibert, Marc C. Chamberlain 146 Spinal epidural metastases Roberta Ruda, Riccardo Soffietti Neurologic complications of systemic cancer 147 General approach to the diagnosis and treatment of paraneoplastic neurological disorders Myrna R. Rosenfeld, Josep Dalmau Part 18 Sleep disorders 148 Insomnia Delwyn J. Bartlett, Colin A. Espie Primary disorders of daytime somnolence 149 Narcolepsy Marcel Hungs 150 Idiopathic hypersomnia Marcel Hungs 151 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Janesh Patel, Christian Guilleminault 152 Restless Leg syndrome and Periodic Limb Movement Disorders Birgit Hogl, Birgit Frauscher, Claudio Podesta 153 Circadian sleep disorders Sergio Tufik, Lia R .A. Bittencourt, Monica L. Andersen Parasomnias 154 Arousal disorders Li Ling Lim 155 REM Sleep Behavioral Disorders Li Ling Lim 156 Hypnogenic paroxysmal Dystonia Cynthia L. Comella 157 Sleep abnormalities in Neurological Disorders Margaret Park, Cynthia L. Comella Part 19 Spinal cord 158 Spinal cord disorders David B. Vodu ek, Miran Jeromel, Simon Podnar 159 Ischemic and congestive myelopathies Simon Podnar, Miran Jeromel, David B. Vodu ek 160 Syringomyelia Alla Guekht Part 20 Pediatric neurology 161 Neonatal neurology Mary Payne, Ann Tilton 162 Neurodevelopmental disorders Adam L. Numis, Raman Sankar 163 Floppy infant syndrome Jong-Hee Chae, Anna Cho 164 Storage disorders Jeffrey J. Ekstrand, Jason T. Lerner, Raman Sankar 165 Fatty acid oxidation disorders Thomas Wieser 166 Disorders of amino acid, organic acid, and ammonia metabolism Stephen Cederbaum 167 Pediatric neurotransmitter diseases Stephen Deputy 168 Mitochondrial encephalomyopathies Stacey K. H. Tay, Caterina Garone, Salvatore DiMauro 169 Disorders resulting from transporters Anna Czlonkowska, David Gloss, Tomasz Litwin 170 The porphyrias F. J. E. Vajda Part 21 CNS Trauma, Pain and Headache 171 Traumatic brain injury Christopher C. Giza 172 Spinal Injury Enver I. Bogdanov, Aisylu T. Faizutdinova 173 Whiplash injury Anthony Ciabarra 174 Decompression sickness Andreas Koch, Gunther Deuschl 175 Pain Guillermo Garcia-Ramos, Bernardo Cacho-Diaz, Bruno Estanol-Vidal 176 Headache Stephen D. Silberstein 177 Facial and neck pain Kammant Phanthumchinda 178 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Jasem Yousef Al-Hashel 179 Fibromyalgia Saeed Bohlega, H. Abou Al-Shaar Index