Basic Concepts in Pharmacology: What You Need to Know for Each Drug Class, Fifth Edition

Janet Stringer, MD, PhD Department of Pharmacology and Division of Neuroscience Baylor College of Medicine Houston, TX

1. Where to Start
Part I General Principles
2. Receptor Theory
Agonists
Efficacy and Potency
Therapeutic Index
Antagonists
Inverse Agonists
3. Absorption, Distribution, and Clearance
First-Pass Effect
How Drugs Cross Membranes
Bioavailability
Total Body Clearance
4. Pharmacokinetics
Volume of Distribution
First-Order Kinetics
Zero-Order Kinetics
Steady-State Concentration
Time Needed to Reach Steady State
Loading Dose
5. Drug Metabolism and Renal Elimination
Liver Metabolism
Renal Excretion
Part II Drugs That Affect the Autonomic Nervous System
6. Review of the Autonomic Nervous System
Why Include This Material?
Relevant Anatomy
Synthesis, Storage, Release, and Removal of Transmitters
Receptors
General Rules of Innervation
Presynaptic Receptors
7. Cholinergic Agonists
Organization of Class
Cholinergic Agonists
Cholinesterase Inhibitors
8. Cholinergic Antagonists
Organization of Class
Muscarinic Antagonists
Ganglionic Blockers
Neuromuscular Blockers
9. Adrenergic Agonists
Organization of Class
Direct-Acting Agonists
Dopamine
Indirect-Acting Agents
Cardiovascular Effects of Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, and Isoproterenol
10. Adrenergic Antagonists
Organization of Class
Central Blockers
α-Blockers
β-Blockers
Mixed α- and β-Blockers
Part III Drugs That Affect the Cardiovascular System
11. Antihypertensive Drugs
Organization of Class
Diuretics
Drugs That Interfere With the Renin-Angiotensin System
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers
Selective Aldosterone Receptor Antagonists
Direct Renin Inhibitor (DRI)
Calcium Channel Blockers
Nitrates
Other Direct Vasodilators
α- and β-Blockers
Clonidine
12. Drugs Used in Ischemic Heart Disease and Congestive Heart Failure
Ischemic Heart Disease
Congestive Heart Failure
Reduction of Cardiac Workload
Control of Excessive Fluid
Enhancement of Contractility
Cardiac Glycosides
Sympathomimetics
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
Ranolazine
13. Antiarrhythmic Drugs
Organization of Class
Class I Drugs (Sodium Channel Blockers)
Class II Drugs (β-Blockers)
Class III Drugs (Potassium Channel Blockers)
Class IV Drugs (Calcium Channel Blockers)
Other Antiarrhythmic Drugs
Drugs That Increase Heart Rate
14. Drugs That Affect Blood
Organization of Class
Antiplatelet Agents
Anticoagulants
Thrombolytic Drugs
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
Drugs Used in the Treatment of Anemia
15. Lipid-Lowering Drugs
Organization of Class
Additional Explanation of Mechanisms
Part IV Drugs That Act on the Central Nervous System
16. Drugs Used in Dementia
Organization of Class
Cholinesterase Inhibitors
NMDA Blocker
17. Anxiolytic and Hypnotic Drugs
Tolerance and Dependence
Organization of Class
Barbiturates
Benzodiazepines
Buspirone
Drugs for Insomnia
Benzodiazepine Receptor Agonists
Melatonin Receptor Agonist
Orexin Recptor Antagonist
18. Drugs Used in Mood Disorders
Organization of Class
Serotonin-Specific Reuptake Inhibitors
Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors
Heterocyclics/TCAs
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
Other Antidepressants
Drugs Used in Bipolar Disorder
19. Antipsychotics or Neuroleptics
Organization of Class
Typical Antipsychotics (First Generation)
Serotonin-Dopamine Antagonists (Second Generation)
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
20. Drugs Used in Parkinson Disease
Organization of Class
Dopamine Replacement Therapy
Dopamine Agonist Therapy
Anticholinergic Therapy
21. Antiepileptic Drugs
Organization of Class
Important Details About the Most Important Drugs
Other Drugs to Consider
22. Narcotics (Opiates)
Organization of Class
Actions of Morphine and the Other Agonists
Distinguishing Features of Some Agonists
Opioid Antagonists
Opioid Agonist-Antagonists
23. General Anesthetics
Organization of Class
Uptake and Distribution of Inhalational Anesthetics
Elimination of Inhalational Anesthetics
Potency of General Anesthetics
Specific Gases and Volatile Liquids
Specific Intravenous Agents
24. Local Anesthetics
Organization of Class
Mechanism of Action
Special Features About Individual Agents
Part V Chemotherapeutic Agents
25. Introduction to Chemotherapy
Approach to the Antimicrobials
General Principles of Therapy
Definitions
Important Concepts to Understand
Classification of Antimicrobials
26. Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis
General Features
β-Lactams
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Monobactams (Aztreonam)
Other Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis
Glycopeptides
Bacitracin
Fosfomycin
Daptomycin
27. Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
General Features
Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
Macrolides
Streptogramins and Oxazolidinones
Chloramphenicol
Clindamycin
28. Folate Antagonists
Mechanism of Action
Selected Features
29. Quinolones and Urinary Tract Antiseptics
Drugs in This Group
Quinolones
Methenamine
30. Drugs Used in Tuberculosis and Leprosy
Organization of Class
Isoniazid
Rifampin
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
Dapsone
31. Antifungal Drugs
Organization of Class
Azole Antifungals
Polyene Antifungals
Echinocandins
Fungal Protein Inhibitors
32. Anthelmintic Drugs
Organization of Class
Drugs Used Against Cestodes and Trematodes
Drugs Used Against Nematodes
Drugs Used Against Filaria
33. Antiviral Drugs
Organization of Class
Anti-HIV Drugs
Drugs Used in Influenza
Drugs Used in Hepatitis B and C
Other Antivirals
34. Antiprotozoal Drugs
Organization of Class
Metronidazole
Antimalarial Agents
Therapeutic Considerations
Special Features
35. Anticancer Drugs
Organization of Class
Terminology and General Principles of Therapy
Adverse Effects
Cytotoxic Drugs
Alkylating Agents
Antimetabolites
Antibiotics and Other Natural Products
Antibodies
Other Cytotoxic Drugs
Hormonal Agents
Signal Transduction Inhibitors
Miscellaneous Agents
Part VI Drugs That Affect the Endocrine System
36. Adrenocortical Hormones
Organization of Class
Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Inhibitors of Adrenocorticoid Synthesis
37. Sex Steroids
Organization of Class
Estrogens
Antiestrogens
Progestins
Antiprogestins
Oral Contraceptives
Androgens
Antiandrogens
GnRH Agonists and Antagonists
PDE5 Inhibitors
38. Thyroid and Parathyroid Drugs
Organization of Class
Thyroid Replacement Therapy
Drugs That are Thyroid Downers
Parathyroid Drugs
39. Insulin, Glucagon, and Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs
Organization of Class
Insulins
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents
Part VII Miscellaneous Drugs
40. Histamine and Antihistamines
Organization of Class
H1 Receptor Antagonists
41. Respiratory Drugs
Organization of Class
β-Agonists
Leukotriene Modifiers
Methylxanthines
Cholinergic Antagonists
Cromolyn and Omalizumab
Pulmonary Hypertension
Cystic Fibrosis
42. Drugs That Affect the GI Tract
Organization of Class
Drugs That Act in the Upper GI Tract
Drugs That Act in the Lower GI Tract
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
43. Nonnarcotic Analgesics and Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Organization of Class
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
COX-2 Inhibitors
Salicylates, Including Aspirin
Acetaminophen
Other Drugs for Arthritis
Antigout Agents
Drugs Used in the Treatment of Headaches
44. Immunosuppressives
Organization of Class
Calcineurin Inhibitors
Mycophenolate Mofetil and Azathioprine
Monoclonal Antibodies
45. Drugs Used in Osteoporosis
Organization of Class
Bisphosphonates
Denosumab
Parathyroid Hormone
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators
Estrogens
Calcitonin
46. Toxicology and Poisoning
Principles of Toxicology
General Principles in the Treatment of Poisoning
Specific Antidotes
Index