Interventional Cardiology

GEORGE D. DANGAS, MD, PhD, Professor of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, USA and Center for Interventional Vascular Therapy, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA

CARLO DI MARIO, MD, PhD, Professor of Cardiology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London and Consultant Cardiologist, Department of Invasive Cardiology, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK

Nicholas Kipshidze, MD, PHD, Director, Endoluminal and Molecular Interventions, Lenox Hill Heart and Vascular Institute, New York, USA

About the Companion Website vi

Contributors vii

Foreword xvi Preface xvii

Acknowledgments xviii

Part I Principles and Techniques 1

Section I Basic Knowledge 3

1 Atherogenesis and Inflammation 3
Umair Hayat, Vikas Thondapu, Tim Tsay, and Peter Barlis

2 The Essentials of Femoral Vascular Access and Closure 17
Ted Feldman and Mohammad Sarraf

3 Radial Artery, Alternative Arm Access, and Related Techniques 27
Thomas J. Ford, Martin K.C. Ng, Vikas Thondapu, and Peter Barlis

4 Optimal Angiographic Views for Coronary Angioplasty 34
Gioel Gabrio Secco and Carlo Di Mario

5 Material Selection 44
Sahil A. Parikh, Michele Pighi, and Carlo Di Mario

Section II Imaging and Physiology 59

6 Physiologic Assessment in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory: CFR, FFR, iFR, and Beyond 59
Sukhjinder Nijjer and Justin Davies

7 Intravascular Ultrasound and Virtual Histology: Principles, Image Interpretation, and Clinical Applications 71
Adriano Caixeta, Akiko Maehara, and Gary S. Mintz

8 Optical Coherence Tomography, Near?-Infrared Spectroscopy, and Near?-Infrared Fluorescence Molecular Imaging 91
Ismail Dogu Kilic, Roberta Serdoz, Enrico Fabris, Farouc Amin Jaffer, and Carlo Di Mario

9 Complementary Imaging Techniques: Multislice Computed Tomography of Coronary Arteries 107
Omosalewa O. Lalude, Francesca Pugliese, Pim J. de Feyter, and Stamatios Lerakis

10 Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging 126
Omosalewa O. Lalude and Stamatios Lerakis

Section III PCI in Different Clinical Settings 138

11 Stable Coronary Artery Disease 138
Abhiram Prasad and Bernard J. Gersh

12 PCI Strategies in Acute Coronary Syndromes without ST Segment Elevation (NSTEACS) 148
Georgios E. Christakopoulos, Subhash Banerjee, and Emmanouil S. Brilakis

13 Primary and Rescue PCI in Acute Myocardial Infarction and Elements of Myocardial Conditioning 155
Tayo Addo, Neil Swanson, and Anthony Gershlick

14 The Management of Cardiogenic Shock and Hemodynamic Support Devices and Techniques 163
Bimmer E.P.M. Claessen, Dagmar Ouweneel, and José P.S. Henriques

Section IV PCI in Different Lesion Types 168

15 Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Unprotected Left Main 168
Gill Louise Buchanan, Alaide Chieffo, and Antonio Colombo

16 Bifurcation Lesion Stenting 175
Yves Louvard, Thierry Lefevre, Bernard Chevalier, and Philippe Garot

17 Risk Stratification Approach to Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease 185
Davide Capodanno and Corrado Tamburino

18 Chronic Total Coronary Occlusion 190
Gerald S. Werner and Emmanouil S. Brilakis

19 Percutaneous Coronary Intervention of Arterial and Vein Grafts 201
Bimmer E.P.M. Claessen, José P.S. Henriques, and George D. Dangas

20 Interventional Approach in Small Vessel, Diffuse, and Tortuous Coronary Artery Disease 205
Robert Pyo

21 In?-Stent Restenosis in New Generation DES Era 213
Marco G. Mennuni and Patrizia Presbitero

Section V Special Techniques and Complications 224

22 Laser, Rotational, and Orbital Coronary Atherectomy 224
Kaleab N. Asrress, Peter O'Kane, Robert Pyo, and Simon R. Redwood

23 Thrombus?-Containing Lesions 233
Giovanni Luigi De Maria and Adrian P. Banning

24 Specialized Balloons in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Cutting, Scoring, Gliding, and Drug?-Eluting Balloons 244
Bimmer E.P.M. Claessen, José P.S. Henriques, and George D. Dangas

25 Coronary Artery Dissections, Perforations, and the No?-Reflow Phenomenon 248
Adriano Caixeta, Luiz Fernando Ybarra, Azeem Latib, Flavio Airoldi, Roxana Mehran, and George D. Dangas

26 Access Site Complications 267
Jose M. Wiley, Fernando Pastor, and Cristina Sanina

27 Renal Insufficiency and the Impact of Contrast Agents 274
Michael Donahue and Carlo Briguori

28 Radiation Management in Interventional Cardiology 282
Stephen Balter and Charles E. Chambers

29 Concepts of Cell Therapy and Myocardial Regeneration 290
Kevin O'Gallagher, Zoë Astroulakis, Alex Sirker, and Jonathan M. Hill

Section VI Clinical Trials in Coronary Heart Disease 296

30 Statistical Essentials in the Design and Analysis of Clinical Trials 296
Usman Baber and Stuart J. Pocock

31 Historical Perspective of Sirolimus and Paclitaxel?-Eluting Stent Clinical Studies 301
Adriano Caixeta, Leonardo Guimarães, Philippe Généreux, and George D. Dangas

32 Cobalt?-Chromium Everolimus?-Eluting Stents 313
Vikas Thondapu, Yoshinobu Onuma, Bimmer E.P.M. Claessen, Patrick W. Serruys, and Peter Barlis

33 Platinum?-Chromium Everolimus?-Eluting Stents 326
Vikas Thondapu, Bimmer E.P.M. Claessen, George D. Dangas, Patrick W. Serruys, and Peter Barlis

34 Bioresorbable Stents 335
Gianluca Caiazzo, Alessio Mattesini, Ciro Indolfi, and Carlo Di Mario

35 The Biolimus Stent Family 344
Anna Franzone, Raffaele Piccolo, and Stephan Windecker

36 The Biotronik Stent Family 360
Anna Franzone, Raffaele Piccolo, and Stephan Windecker

37 Novel Drug?-Eluting Stent Systems 368
J. Ribamar Costa, Jr., Adriano Caixeta, and Alexandre A.C. Abizaid

Part II Interventional Pharmacology 377

Section I Fundamentals of Interventional Pharmacology 379

38 Basics of Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease 379
Piera Capranzano and Dominick J. Angiolillo

39 Balance of Ischemia and Bleeding in Selecting Antithrombotic Regimens 389
Bimmer E.P.M. Claessen and José P.S. Henriques

Section II Pharmacological Agents 397

40 Oral Antiplatelet Agents in PCI 397
Jonathan A. Batty, Joseph R. Dunford, George D. Dangas, and Vijay Kunadian

41 Parenteral Anticoagulant Agents in PCI 408
Piera Capranzano, Corrado Tamburino, and George D. Dangas

42 Parenteral Antiplatelet Agents in PCI 415
Piera Capranzano, Giuseppe Gargiulo, and Corrado Tamburino

43 Role of Parenteral Agents in PCI for Stable Patients 421
Joanna Ghobrial, David A. Burke, and Duane S. Pinto

44 Vasoactive and Antiarrhythmic Drugs During PCI 432
Bimmer E.P.M. Claessen and José P.S. Henriques

45 The Optimal Duration of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy After PCI 436
Mikkel Malby Schoos, Roxana Mehran, and George D. Dangas

46 Triple Antiplatelet Therapy and Combinations with Oral Anticoagulants After PCI 443
Jonathan A. Batty, Joseph R. Dunford, Roxana Mehran, and Vijay Kunadian

Section III Pharmacological Testing 453

47 Peri?-procedural Platelet Function Testing in Risk Stratification and Clinical Decision Making 453
Paul A. Gurbel, Fang Liu, Gailing Chen, and Udaya S. Tantry

48 Genetics and Pharmacogenetics in Interventional Cardiology 459
Hillary Johnston?-Cox, Johan L.M. Björkegren, and Jason C. Kovacic

49 Monitoring and Reversal of Anticoagulation and Antiplatelet Agents 469
Gregory W. Yost and Steven R. Steinhubl

Part III Hypertension and Structural Heart Disease 485

Section I Systemic and Pulmonary Hypertension 487

50 Right Heart Catheterization and Pulmonary Hemodynamics 487
P. Christian Schulze

51 Treatment of Pulmonary Embolism: Medical, Surgical, and Percutaneous 491
Ian del Conde and Barry T. Katzen

52 Renal Denervation for Resistant Hypertension 499
Hitesh C. Patel, Carl Hayward, Sebastian Ewen, and Felix Mahfoud

Section II Structural Heart Interventions 507

53 Antithrombotic Strategies in Valvular and Structural Heart Disease Interventions 507
Mikkel Malby Schoos, Davide Capodanno, and George D. Dangas

54 Alcohol Septal Ablation for Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy 517
Amir?-Ali Fassa, George D. Dangas, and Ulrich Sigwart

55 Left Atrial Appendage Exclusion 525
Jorge G. Panizo and Jacob S. Koruth

56 Cryptogenic Stroke, Patent Foramen Ovale, and ASD Closure 530
Barry Love

57 Paravalvular Leak Closure and Ventricular Septal Defect Closure 540
Saurabh Sanon, Mackram F. Eleid, Allison K. Cabalka, and Charanjit S. Rihal

Section III Valvular Heart Disease Interventions 546

58 Aortic Valvuloplasty and Large?-Bore Percutaneous Arterial Access 546
Matthew I. Tomey, Annapoorna S. Kini, Samin K. Sharma, and Jason C. Kovacic

59 Transfemoral Aortic Valve Implantation: Preparation, Implantation, and Complications 558
Brandon M. Jones, Samir R. Kapadia, Amar Krishnaswamy, Stephanie Mick, and E. Murat Tuzcu

60 Transthoracic Aortic Valve Implantation 569
Giuseppe Bruschi, Kaleab N. Asrress, Paola Colombo, and Vinayak N. Bapat

61 New Aortic Valve Technologies 575
Dimytri Alexandre Siqueira and Alexandre A.C. Abizaid

62 Transseptal Puncture 582
Alec Vahanian, Dominique Himbert, Fabrice Extramiana, Gregory Ducrocq, and Eric Brochet

63 Principles of Carpentier's Reconstructive Surgery in Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease 592
Farzan Filsoufi and Alain Carpentier

64 Mitral Valve Repair: MitraClip and Emerging Techniques 599
Ted Feldman, Mohammad Sarraf, Mayra Guerrero, and Francesco Maisano

65 Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty 606
C.N. Manjunath, Nagaraja Moorthy, and Upendra Kaul

66 Pulmonary Artery and Valve Catheter?-Based Interventions 619
Kasey Chaszczewski, Damien Kenny, and Ziyad M. Hijazi

67 Imaging for Planning and Guidance for Structural Heart Interventions 629
Ankit Parikh and Stamatios Lerakis

Part IV Vascular Disease for the Interventionalist 641

Section I Cerebrovascular Disease 643

68 Acute Stroke Intervention 643
Stefan C. Bertog, Iris Q. Grunwald, Anna Luisa Kühn, Laura Vaskelyte, Ilona Hofmann, Sameer Gafoor, Markus Reinartz, Predrag Matic, and Horst Sievert

69 Carotid Artery Angioplasty and Stenting 653
Alberto Cremonesi, Shane Gieowarsingh, and Fausto Castriota

70 Cerebral Aneurysms: Diagnosis, Indications, and Strategies for Endovascular Treatment 671
Gyula Gál

Section II Aorta and Branch Diseases 677

71 Management of Acute Aortic Syndromes 677
Christoph A. Nienaber and Rachel E. Clough

72 Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair 687
Paul S. Lajos and Michael L. Marin

73 Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair 692
William Beckerman, Paul S. Lajos, and Peter L. Faries

74 Acute and Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia 698
Robert J. Rosen, Amit Jain, and Jennifer Drury

75 Renal Artery Interventions 705
Mark Shipeng Yu, Kun Xiang, Steven T. Haller, and Christopher J. Cooper

76 Revascularization for Arteries in the Pelvis 713
Femi Philip and Jason H. Rogers

Section III Peripheral Arterial Disease 721

77 Iliac Interventions 721
Manish Taneja and Apoorva Gogna

78 Superficial Femoral Artery Interventions 726
Cristina Sanina, Pedro R. Cox?-Alomar, Prakash Krishnan, and Jose M. Wiley

79 Popliteal Artery Interventions 733
Karthik Gujja, Gopi Punukollu, Vishal Kapur, and Prakash Krishnan

80 Below the Knee Interventions in Critical Limb Ischemia 738
Karthik Gujja, Katarzyna Nasiadko, Arthur Tarricone, and Prakash Krishnan

81 Subclavian, Vertebral, and Upper Extremity Vascular Disease 748
Ian Del Conde, Cristina Sanina, and Jose M. Wiley

Section IV Venous Disease/Interventions 754

82 Antithrombotic Strategies in Endovascular Interventions: Current Status and Future Directions 754
Mehdi H. Shishehbor

83 Chronic Venous Insufficiency 759
Karthik Gujja, Cristina Sanina, and Jose M. Wiley

84 Cardiac Vein Anatomy and Transcoronary Sinus Catheter Interventions in Myocardial Ischemia 768
Werner Mohl, Levente Molnár, and Béla Merkely

Index 776