Surgical Approaches to the Spine

Robert G. Watkins III, MD, Director, Marina Spine Center, Marina del Rey, CA, USA Robert G. Watkins IV, MD, Chairman, Surgery Department, Marina del Rey Hospital, Marina del Rey, CA, USA

Anterior Cervical Approaches to the Spine.- Transoral Approach to C1-2.- Transoral-Transpharyngeal Approach to the Cervical Spine.- Ventral Approach to the Clivus, C1 and C2.- Anterior Medial Approach to C1, 2, 3.- Anterior Lateral Approach to the Upper Cervical Spine.- Anterior Medial Approach to the Midcervical Spine.- Lateral Approach to the Cervical Spine (Verbiest).-Lateral Approach to the Cervical Spine (Hodgson).-Supraclavicular Approach.- Lincoln Highway Approach to the Cervical Spine.- Cervicothoracic Junction.- Anterior Approach to the Cervicothoracic Spine .- Transsternal Approach to the Cervicothoracic Junction.- Transaxillary Approach to the Upper Dorsal Spine-.Third Rib Resection in the Transthoracic Approach.- Thoracotomy Approach.- The Thoracolumbar Junction.- Tenth Rib: Thoracoabdominal Approach.- Eleventh Rib Approach.- Trans-Eleventh Rib Extrapleural Approach.- Twelfth Rib Approach.-Video Endoscopic Approach to the Thoracic Spine.-Tubular Lateral Approach to the Thoracic and Thoracolumbar Junction.-Anterior Retroperotoneal Flank Approach to L2-L5.-Anterior Retroperitoneal Muscle-Sparing Approach to L2-S1.-Anterior Retroperitoneal Flank Approach to L5-S1.-Anterior Extraperitoneal Midline Incision of L2-S1.-Transperitoneal Midline Approach to L4-S1.-Laparoscopic Approach to the L3-L4 and L4-L5 Invertebral Discs .-Transperitoneal Laparoscopic Approach to L5-S1.-Balloon-Assisted Endoscopic Retroperitoneal Gasless (BERG) Approach to the Lumbar Spine.-Tubular Lateral Approach to the Lumbar Spine.-Oblique Lateral Approach to the Lumbar Spine (L2-L5).- Oblique Lateral Approach to L5-S1.-Superior Hypogastric Sympathetic Plexus.-En Bloc Sacrectomy.-Approach to the Posterior Aspect of C1-C2.-Posterior Approach to the C1-C2 Joints.-Minimally Invasive Approach to PosteriorOcciput to C2.-Cervical Foraminotomy: Indications and Techniques.-Microcervical Foraminotomy: An Alternative Posterior technique for Intractable Radicular Pain.-Tubular Approaches to the Posterior Cervical Spine.-Costotransversectomy.-Posterior and Posterolateral Approaches to the Thoracic Disc.-Posterior Approach to the Lower Lumbar Spine.-Lumbar Laminotomy, Foraminotomy, Root Decompression and Discectomy in the Lateral Position.-Microscopic Lumbar Discectomy.-Bilateral Paraspinous Lumbosacral Approach .-Posterolateral Foraminal Approach to the Lumbar Disc.-Microendoscopic Discectomy for Lumbar Disc Herniations: Paramedian and Far Lateral Approaches.-Endoscopic Foraminal Approach to the Lumbar Spine.-Total En Bloc Spondylectomy: A New Surgical Technique for Malignant Vertebral Tumors.-Injections of the Cervical, Thoracic and Lumbar Spine.