Mechanics of Biological Systems and Materials, Volume 6 (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 8
Chapter 1: Damage in Brain Tissue Due to Single Bubble Cavitation Shock 10
1.1 Introduction 10
1.2 Experimental Method 11
1.3 Results 11
1.3.1 Hydrogel Deformation Due to Single Bubble Cavitation 13
1.3.2 Cavitation Experiments with Brain Tissue 14
1.4 Conclusions 14
References 14
Chapter 2: Inflation Test of the Human Optic Nerve Head Using Digital Volume Correlation 15
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Methods 16
2.2.1 Human Whole-Globe Eye Preparation 16
2.2.2 Porcine Posterior Sclera Preparation 16
2.2.3 Imaging 16
2.2.4 Mechanical Testing 17
2.2.5 Digital Volume Correlation 17
2.2.6 Error Measurements and Validations 18
2.2.7 Strain Calculation 18
2.3 Results 19
2.3.1 Image Setting Optimization 19
2.3.2 Whole-Globe Human Summary 19
2.3.3 Porcine Posterior Scleral Cup 20
2.3.4 Baseline Error 20
2.3.5 Virtual Validation 20
2.3.6 Displacements and Strains 21
2.4 Discussion 21
References 22
Chapter 3: In Situ NANO-Indentation of Round Window Membrane 24
3.1 Introduction 24
3.2 Method 26
3.3 Results 29
3.4 Discussion 33
3.5 Conclusion 35
References 35
Chapter 4: Transient Response of the Eardrum Excited by Localized Mechanical Forces 37
4.1 Introduction 37
4.2 Methods 38
4.3 Representative Results 38
4.3.1 Acoustic Excitation 39
4.3.2 Mechanical Excitation at Umbo 40
4.3.3 Mechanical Excitation at Other Regions 40
4.4 Conclusions and Future Work 42
References 42
Chapter 5: In Vitro Quantification of Optimal Impact Properties for Microneedle Penetration 44
5.1 Introduction 44
5.2 Materials and Methods 45
5.2.1 Materials 45
5.2.2 In Vitro Skin Model 45
5.2.3 In Vitro Impact Microneedle Applicator 45
5.2.4 Calibration of the In Vitro Impact Applicator 46
5.2.5 Microneedle Penetration Experiments with the In Vitro Applicator 47
5.2.6 Imaging of Penetration Quality 47
5.3 Results and Discussion 47
5.3.1 Calibration Tests of In Vitro Impact Test Set-Up 47
5.3.2 Perma-Gel and Microneedle Interaction 48
5.3.3 Microneedle Penetration of Skin Following Impact 48
5.4 Conclusions 51
References 54
Chapter 6: DIC Measurements of the Human Heart During Cardiopulmonary Bypass Surgery 55
6.1 Introduction 55
6.2 Experimental 56
6.3 Results 56
6.4 Discussion 57
6.5 Summary 62
References 62
Chapter 7: Comparing 2D and 3D Digital Image Correlation for an Inflation Test 64
7.1 Introduction 64
7.2 Methods 65
7.2.1 Specimen Preparation, Testing and Imaging 65
7.2.2 3D-DIC Analysis 65
7.2.3 2D-DIC Analysis 67
7.3 Results 67
7.3.1 Static Conditions 67
7.3.2 Spatial Variations Across the Membrane 67
7.3.3 Displacements 67
7.3.4 Meridional Strain 67
7.4 Discussion 68
7.5 Conclusion 69
References 69
Chapter 8: Determination of Cardiac Wall Deformations from MRI Images 71
8.1 Introduction 71
8.2 Deformations Data Analysis 72
8.3 Computation of the Derivatives of the Displacements 75
8.4 Generalization of the Procedures for Digital Moiré Carrier Signal Analysis 76
8.5 Removal of the Effect of Rigid Body Rotations 77
8.6 Determination of the Rigid Body Rotations 78
8.7 Implementation of the Developed Methodology in MRI Images 80
8.8 Application of Digital Moiré to the Analysis of MRI Images of the Heart 80
8.9 Processing of the Data Contained in MRI Tagged Images 82
8.10 Summary and Conclusions 84
References 84
Chapter 9: A Deeper Look Into Immature Porcine Zona Pellucida Visco-hyperelasticity 86
9.1 Introduction 86
9.2 Methodology 86
9.3 Results and Discussion 88
9.4 Conclusions 89
References 89
Chapter 10: Induced Coupling Between Contractile Cells 91
10.1 Introduction 91
10.2 Experiment 92
10.3 Results 94
10.4 Conclusion 96
References 97
Chapter 11: In-Vivo Indentation Testing of Sheep Spinal Cord with Meninges 98
11.1 Introduction 98
11.2 Materials and Methods 99
11.2.1 Force and Displacement of Indenter on Dura 99
11.2.2 Equivalent Modulus 100
11.3 Results and Discussion 100
11.4 Summary 102
References 102
Chapter 12: Polydimethylsiloxane Lanes Enhance Sarcomere Organization in Human ESC-­Derived Cardiomyocytes 103
12.1 Introduction 103
12.2 Methods 104
12.2.1 hESC Culture 104
12.2.2 hESC Cardiomyocyte Differentiation 104
12.2.3 Microcontact Printing 105
12.2.4 hESC-CM Seeding and Imaging 105
12.2.5 Imaging and Immunofluorescence 106
12.2.6 Nuclear Alignment Measurement 106
12.3 Results and Discussion 106
12.3.1 Immunofluorescence of Matrigel Transfer 106
12.3.2 hESC-CM Attachment and Contraction on Lanes of Matrigel on PDMS 106
12.3.3 Sarcomere Organization in hESC-CMs Adhered to PDMS 107
12.3.4 Nuclear Alignment of hESC-CMs 107
12.4 Conclusion 109
References 109
Chapter 13: Electrospin Fiber Affect on the Strength of Metal–Cement Interfaces 110
13.1 Background 110
13.2 Materials and Methods 110
13.3 Results 112
13.4 Conclusions 113
References 114
Chapter 14: A Nanomechanics Based Investigation into Interface Thermomechanics of Collagen and Chitin Based Biomaterials 115
References 122
Chapter 15: The Growth and Mechanical Properties of Abalone Nacre Mesolayer 123
15.1 Introduction 123
15.2 Experimental Procedure 124
15.3 Results and Discussion 124
15.4 Conclusion 126
References 127
Chapter 16: Novel Bending Fatigue Testing of Small Medical Device Cables 128
16.1 Introduction 128
16.2 Experiment 129
16.2.1 Materials 129
16.2.2 Fatigue Testing 129
16.2.3 Data Analysis 132
16.3 Results 132
16.3.1 Tensile Properties 132
16.3.2 Fatigue 133
16.4 Conclusion 135
References 135
Chapter 17: Complex Shear Modulus of Hydrogels Using a Dynamic Nanoindentation Method 136
17.1 Introduction 136
17.2 Materials and Methods 137
17.2.1 Materials 137
17.2.1.1 Gelatin Gel 137
17.2.1.2 Hydrogels 137
17.2.2 Experiment Setup 137
17.2.3 Nanoindentation Test Procedure and Analysis 137
17.3 Results and Discussion 138
17.4 Conclusions 139
References 140
Chapter 18: Characterization of Acoustically-­Induced Forces of the Human Eardrum 141
18.1 Introduction 141
18.2 Methods 142
18.2.1 Force Measurements 142
18.2.2 Development of the Experimental System 142
18.3 Results 143
18.3.1 Artificial Membrane 143
18.3.2 Human Tympanic Membrane 145
18.4 Conclusions 147
References 148