Diagnostic Imaging: Brain

Anne G Osborn, MD, FACR, Distinguished Professor of Radiology, William H. and Patricia W. Child Presidential Endowed Chair in Radiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, GE Healthcare; Visiting Professor in Diagnostic Imaging, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah ;

Karen L. Salzman, MD, Professor of Radiology, Leslie W. Davis Endowed Chair in Neuroradiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah ;

Miral D Jhaveri, MD, Associate Professor, Director of Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois and

A. James Barkovich, MD, Professor of Radiology, Neurology, Pediatrics, and Neurosurgery, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco Hospital and UCSF-Benioff Children’s Hospital, San Francisco, California

Pathology-based Diagnoses Congenital Malformations 1 Congenital Malformations Overview Hindbrain Herniations, Miscellaneous Malformations 2 Chiari 1 3 Chiari 2 4 Chiari 3 5 Callosal Dysgenesis 6 Lipoma Hindbrain Malformations 7 Dandy-Walker Continuum 8 Rhombencephalosynapsis 9 Unclassified Cerebellar Dysplasias 10 Molar Tooth Malformations (Joubert) Disorders of Diverticulation/Cleavage 11 Holoprosencephaly 12 Holoprosencephaly Variants 13 Syntelencephaly (Middle Interhemispheric Variant) 14 Septooptic Dysplasia Malformations of Cortical Development 15 Microcephaly 16 Congenital Muscular Dystrophy 17 Heterotopic Gray Matter 18 Polymicrogyria 19 Lissencephaly 20 Schizencephaly 21 Hemimegalencephaly Familial Tumor/Neurocutaneous Syndromes 22 Neurofibromatosis Type 1 23 Neurofibromatosis Type 2 24 von Hippel-Lindau 25 Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 26 Sturge-Weber Syndrome 27 Meningioangiomatosis 28 Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome 29 Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia 30 Encephalocraniocutaneous Lipomatosis 31 Lhermitte-Duclos Disease 32 Neurocutaneous Melanosis 33 Aicardi Syndrome 34 Li-Fraumeni Syndrome Trauma 35 Trauma Overview Primary Effects of CNS Trauma 36 Scalp and Skull Injuries 37 Missile and Penetrating Injury 38 Epidural Hematoma, Classic 39 Epidural Hematoma, Variant 40 Acute Subdural Hematoma 41 Subacute Subdural Hematoma 42 Chronic Subdural Hematoma 43 Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 44 Cerebral Contusion 45 Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI) 46 Subcortical Injury 47 Pneumocephalus 48 Child Abuse Secondary Effects of CNS Trauma 49 Intracranial Herniation Syndromes 50 Post-Traumatic Brain Swelling 51 Traumatic Cerebral Ischemia/Infarction 52 Brain Death 53 Second Impact Syndrome 54 Traumatic Arterial Dissection 55 Traumatic Carotid Cavernous Fistula 56 Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Aneurysms 57 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage & Aneurysms Overview Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 58 Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 59 Perimesencephalic Nonaneurysmal SAH 60 Convexal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 61 Superficial Siderosis Aneurysms 62 Saccular Aneurysm 63 Pseudoaneurysm 64 Vertebrobasilar Dolichoectasia 65 ASVD Fusiform Aneurysm 66 Non-ASVD Fusiform Aneurysm 67 Blood Blister-like Aneurysm Stroke 68 Stroke Overview Nontraumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage 69 Evolution of Intracranial Hemorrhage 70 Spontaneous Nontraumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage 71 Hypertensive Intracranial Hemorrhage 72 Remote Cerebellar Hemorrhage 73 Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage Atherosclerosis and Carotid Stenosis 74 Intracranial Atherosclerosis 75 Extracranial Atherosclerosis 76 Arteriolosclerosis Nonatheromatous Vasculopathy 77 Aberrant Internal Carotid Artery 78 Persistent Carotid Basilar Anastomoses 79 Sickle Cell Disease, Brain 80 Moyamoya 81 Primary Arteritis of the CNS 82 Miscellaneous Vasculitis 83 Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome 84 Vasospasm 85 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 86 Cerebral Amyloid Disease 87 CADASIL 88 Behcet Disease 89 Susac Syndrome 90 Fibromuscular Dysplasia Cerebral Ischemia and Infarction 91 Hydranencephaly 92 White Matter Injury of Prematurity 93 Term Hypoxic Ischemic Injury 94 Adult Hypoxic Ischemic Injury 95 Hypotensive Cerebral Infarction 96 Childhood Stroke 97 Dyke-Davidoff-Masson Syndrome 98 Acute Cerebral Ischemia-Infarction 99 Subacute Cerebral Infarction 100 Chronic Cerebral Infarction 101 Multiple Embolic Cerebral Infarctions 102 Fat Emboli Cerebral Infarction 103 Lacunar Infarction 104 Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome 105 Dural Sinus Thrombosis 106 Cortical Venous Thrombosis 107 Deep Cerebral Venous Thrombosis 108 Dural Sinus and Aberrant Arachnoid Granulations Vascular Malformations 109 Vascular Malformations Overview CVMs with AV Shunting 110 Arteriovenous Malformation 111 Dural AV Fistula 112 Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation CVMs without AV Shunting 113 Developmental Venous Anomaly 114 Sinus Pericranii 115 Cavernous Malformation 116 Capillary Telangiectasia Neoplasms 117 Neoplasms Overview Astrocytic Tumors, Infiltrating 118 Low-Grade Diffuse Astrocytoma 119 Anaplastic Astrocytoma 120 Glioblastoma 121 Gliosarcoma 122 Gliomatosis Cerebri Astrocytic Tumors, Localized 123 Pilocytic Astrocytoma 124 Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma 125 Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma 126 Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma Oligodendroglial and Miscellaneous Tumors 127 Oligodendroglioma 128 Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma 129 Astroblastoma 130 Chordoid Glioma of the Third Ventricle 131 Angiocentric Glioma Ependymal Tumors 132 Infratentorial Ependymoma 133 Supratentorial Ependymoma 134 Subependymoma Choroid Plexus Tumors 135 Typical Choroid Plexus Papilloma 136 Choroid Plexus Carcinoma Neuronal and Mixed Neuronal-Glial Tumors 137 Ganglioglioma 138 Desmoplastic Infantile Tumors 139 DNET 140 Central Neurocytoma 141 Extraventricular Neurocytoma 142 Cerebellar Liponeurocytoma 143 Papillary Glioneuronal Tumor 144 Rosette-Forming Glioneuronal Tumor Pineal Parenchymal Tumors 145 Pineocytoma 146 Pineal Parenchymal Tumor of Intermediate Differentiation 147 Pineoblastoma 148 Papillary Tumor of the Pineal Region Embryonal and Neuroblastic Tumors 149 Medulloblastoma 150 Supratentorial PNET 151 Atypical Teratoid-Rhabdoid Tumor 152 Metastatic Neuroblastoma Tumors of Cranial/Peripheral Nerves 153 Nonvestibular Schwannoma 154 Neurofibroma Blood Vessel and Hemopoietic Tumors 155 Hemangioblastoma 156 Hemangiopericytoma 157 Primary CNS Lymphoma 158 Intravascular (Angiocentric) Lymphoma 159 Leukemia Germ Cell Tumors 160 Germinoma 161 Teratoma 162 Miscellaneous Malignant Germ Cell Neoplasms Metastatic Tumors and Remote Effects of Cancer 163 Parenchymal Metastases 164 Miscellaneous Intracranial Metastases 165 Metastatic Intracranial Lymphoma 166 Paraneoplastic Syndromes Primary Nonneoplastic Cysts 167 Primary Nonneoplastic Cysts Overview 168 Arachnoid Cyst 169 Colloid Cyst 170 Dermoid Cyst 171 Epidermoid Cyst 172 Neuroglial Cyst 173 Periventricular Cyst 174 Choroid Fissure Cyst 175 Hippocampal Sulcus Remnant Cysts 176 Enlarged Perivascular Spaces 177 Pineal Cyst 178 Choroid Plexus Cyst 179 Ependymal Cyst 180 Porencephalic Cyst 181 Neurenteric Cyst 182 Nonneoplastic Tumor-associated Cysts Infectious, Inflammatory, and Demyelinating Disease 183 CNS Infectious Disease Overview Congenital/Neonatal Infections 184 TORCH Infections, Overview 185 Congenital CMV 186 Congenital HIV 187 Neonatal Herpes Encephalitis Acquired Infections 188 Group B Streptococcal Meningitis 189 Citrobacter Meningitis 190 Meningitis 191 Abscess 192 Ventriculitis 193 Empyema 194 Herpes Encephalitis 195 Miscellaneous Encephalitis 196 West Nile Virus Encephalitis 197 HHV-6 Encephalitis 198 Cerebellitis 199 Rasmussen Encephalitis 200 Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis 201 Tuberculosis 202 Neurocysticercosis 203 Hydatid Disease 204 Amebic Disease 205 Cerebral Malaria 206 Miscellaneous Parasites 207 Fungal Diseases 208 Rickettsial Diseases 209 Lyme Disease 210 Acquired HIV Encephalitis 211 Acquired Toxoplasmosis 212 Acquired CMV 213 Cryptococcosis 214 Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) 215 Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS) 216 HIV/AIDS, Miscellaneous Manifestations Inflammatory and Demyelinating Disease 217 Multiple Sclerosis 218 Neuromyelitis Optica 219 ADEM 220 AHLE 221 Clippers Inherited Metabolic/Degenerative Disorders 222 Inherited Metabolic Disorders Overview Normal Variants 223 Hypomyelination Mitochondrial Disorders 224 Leigh Syndrome 225 MELAS 226 Kearns-Sayre Syndrome Lysosomal Disorders 227 Mucopolysaccharidoses 228 Gangliosidosis (GM2) 229 Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (MLD) 230 Krabbe 231 Fabry Disease Peroxisomal Disorders 232 Zellweger Syndrome Spectrum 233 X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy 234 Other Peroxisomal Disorders Organic and Aminoacidopathies 235 Maple Syrup Urine Disease 236 Urea Cycle Disorders 237 Glutaric Aciduria Type 1 238 Canavan Disease 239 Alexander Disease 240 Miscellaneous Organic/Aminoacidopathies Miscellaneous 241 Megalencephaly with Leukoencephalopathy and Cysts (MLC) 242 Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation (NBIA) 243 PKAN 244 Huntington Disease 245 Wilson Disease Acquired Toxic/Metabolic/Degenerative Disorders 246 Acquired Toxic/Metabolic Disorders Overview Toxic, Metabolic, Nutritional, Systemic Diseases with CNS Manifestations 247 Pediatric Hypoglycemia 248 Adult Hypoglycemia 249 Kernicterus 250 Thyroid Disorders 251 Parathyroid Disorders 252 Fahr Disease 253 Alcoholic Encephalopathy 254 Hepatic Encephalopathy 255 Acute Hypertensive Encephalopathy, PRES 256 Chronic Hypertensive Encephalopathy 257 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension 258 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning 259 Drug Abuse 260 Methanol Poisoning 261 Cyanide Poisoning 262 Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome 263 Radiation and Chemotherapy 264 Pseudoprogression 265 Pseudoresponse 266 Mesial Temporal Sclerosis 267 Status Epilepticus 268 Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) Dementias and Degenerative Disorders 269 Normal Aging Brain 270 Alzheimer Disease 271 Vascular Dementia 272 Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration 273 Dementia with Lewy Bodies 274 Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) 275 Parkinson Disease 276 Multiple System Atrophy 277 Corticobasal Degeneration 278 Progressive Supranuclear Palsy 279 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) 280 Wallerian Degeneration 281 Crossed Cerebellar Diaschisis 282 Hypertrophic Olivary Degeneration Anatomy-based Diagnoses Ventricles and Cisterns 283 Ventricles and Cisterns Overview Normal Variants 284 Cavum Septi Pellucidi (CSP) 285 Cavum Velum Interpositum (CVI) 286 Enlarged Subarachnoid Spaces Hydrocephalus 287 Intraventricular Obstructive Hydrocephalus 288 Extraventricular Obstructive Hydrocephalus 289 Aqueductal Stenosis 290 Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus 291 CSF Shunts and Complications Sella and Pituitary 292 Sella and Pituitary Overview Congenital 293 Pituitary Anomalies 294 Tuber Cinereum Hamartoma 295 Rathke Cleft Cyst Neoplasms 296 Pituitary Microadenoma 297 Pituitary Macroadenoma 298 Pituitary Apoplexy 299 Craniopharyngioma 300 Pituicytoma 301 Spindle Cell Oncocytoma 302 Granular Cell Tumor Miscellaneous 303 Empty Sella 304 Pituitary Hyperplasia 305 Lymphocytic Hypophysitis CPA-IAC 306 CPA-IAC Overview Congenital 307 Lipoma, CPA-IAC 308 Epidermoid Cyst, CPA-IAC 309 Arachnoid Cyst, CPA-IAC Inflammatory 310 Bell Palsy Vascular 311 Trigeminal Neuralgia 312 Hemifacial Spasm Neoplasms 313 Vestibular Schwannoma 314 Meningioma, CPA-IAC 315 Metastases, CPA-IAC Skull, Scalp, and Meninges 316 Skull, Scalp, & Meninges Overview Congenital 317 Congenital Calvarial Defects 318 Craniostenoses 319 Cephalocele 320 Atretic Cephalocele Trauma 321 Leptomeningeal Cyst ("Growing Fracture") 322 Intracranial Hypotension Nonneoplastic and Tumor-like Disorders 323 Ig G4 Related Diseases 324 Fibrous Dysplasia 325 Paget Disease 326 Extramedullary Hematopoiesis 327 Thick Skull 328 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis, Skull and Brain 329 Neurosarcoid 330 Miscellaneous Histiocytoses 331 Sebaceous Cyst Neoplasms 332 Meningioma 333 Atypical and Malignant Meningioma 334 Miscellaneous Benign Mesenchymal Tumors 335 Miscellaneous Malignant Mesenchymal Tumors 336 Calvarial Hemangioma 337 Dura/Venous Sinuses Hemangioma 338 Myeloma 339 Skull and Meningeal Metastases