Physical Diagnosis of Pain

Brief Author Bio: (150 words limit per author/editor) Steven D Waldman is an internationally recognized expert and pioneer in the specialty of Pain Medicine. Dr Waldman has received numerous awards and honors and is the author of over twenty textbooks and numerous academic articles on the specialty of Pain Management. His main clinical work is as an interventional pain management physician as well as being an active member of the medical staff at Truman Medical Center at the University of Missouri-Kansas City. He is a former President of the Society of Pain Practice Management (SPPM) Clinical Professor of Anesthesiology, Professor of Medical Humanities and Bioethics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine

Functional Anatomy of the Bony Cervical Spine  
Functional Anatomy of the Cervical Intervertebral Disc  
Nomenclature of the Diseased Cervical Disc  
Painful Conditions Emanating from the Cervical Spine  
Visual Inspection of the Cervical Spine  
Palpation of the Cervical Spine  
Physical Examination of the Cervical Spine: Range of Motion  
The Cervical Dermatomes  
The C5 Neurologic Level  
The C6 Neurologic Level  
The C7 Neurologic Level  
The C8 Neurologic Level  
The Spurling Test for Cervical Radiculopathy Secondary to Herniated Disc or Cervical Spondylosis  
The Axial Loading Test for Cervical Discogenic Disease  
The Hoffman Test for Cervical Myelopathy  
The Sharp Purser Test For Atlanto-Axial Joint Instability
Section  2

The Shoulder  

Functional Anatomy of the Shoulder Joint  
Visual Inspection of the Shoulder  
Palpation of the Shoulder 
External Rotation of the Shoulder 
Internal Rotation of the Shoulder 
Crossed-Arm Adduction of the Shoulder  
Abduction of the Shoulder  
Painful Conditions of the Shoulder  
Shoulder Instability Syndromes  
The Anterior Drawer Test  
The Shift and Load Test For Shoulder Instability
The Apprehension Test for Anterior Instability  
The Jobe Relocation Test for Anterior Instability 
The Andrews Anterior Apprehension Test For Anterior Instability
The Posterior Drawer Test for Posterior Shoulder Instability  
The Jerk Test for Posterior Shoulder Instability  
The Posterior Clunk Test for Posterior Shoulder Instability
The Sulcus Test for Inferior Glenohumeral Instability
The Crank Test For Injury of the Labrum of the Glenohumeral Joint
An Overview of Shoulder Impingement Syndromes  
The Neer Test for Shoulder Impingement Syndromes  
The Hawkins Test for Shoulder Impingement Syndromes  
The Gerber Subcoracoid Impingement Test
The Zaslav Rotation Resistance Test for Shoulder Impingement
Bicipital Tendinitis  
The Speed Test for Bicipital Tendinitis  
The Yergason Test for Bicipital Tendinitis  
The Snap Test for Subluxing Biceps Tendon Syndrome  
The Gerber Lift-Off Test for Rupture of the Subscapularis Muscle  
The Gerber Belly Press Test for Subscapularis Weakness
The Internal Rotation Lag Sign For Rupture of the Subscapularis Tendon
The Snapping Scapula Test  
The Ludington Test for Ruptured Long Tendon of the Biceps 
The Squeeze Test for Distal Rupture of the Biceps Tendon
Clinical Correlates: Diseases of the Rotator Cuff 
The Drop Arm Test for Complete Rotator Cuff Tear  
The External Rotation Lag Sign for Rupture of the Supraspinatus or Infraspinatus Tendon
The Dawbarn Sign for Supraspinatus Tendinitis  
The Empty Can Test For Suprapinatus Tendinopathy
The Jobe Supraspinatus Test
The Midarc Abduction Test for Infraspinatus Tendinitis 
 The External Rotation Stress Test For Impairment of the Infraspinatus and Teres Minor Muscles
The Drop Arm Test for Subdeltoid Bursitis  
The Adduction Release Test for Subcoracoid Bursitis  
The Adduction Stress Test for Acromioclavicular Joint Dysfunction  
The Chin Adduction Test for Acromioclavicular Joint Dysfunction  
The Paxino Test For Acromioclavicular Joint Pain
Sergeant's Chevron Test for Axillary Nerve Deficits 
The Adson Maneuver for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome  
The Costoclavicular Test for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome 
The Hyperabduction Test for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome 
Section  3

The Elbow  

Functional Anatomy of the Elbow Joint 
Visual Inspection of the Elbow 
Palpation of the Elbow  
Flexion and Extension of the Elbow  
Supination and Pronation of the Elbow 
The Valgus Stress Flexion Test for Medial Ligamentous Incompetence
The Varus Stress Flexion Test for Lateral Ligamentous Incompetence
The Lateral Pivot-Shift Test for Posterolateral Insufficiency
The Froment Sign for Ulnar Nerve Entrapment at the Elbow 
The Jeanne Sign for Ulnar Nerve Entrapment at the Elbow 
The Wartenberg Test for Ulnar Nerve Entrapment at the Elbow  
The Little Finger Adduction Test for Ulnar Nerve Entrapment at the Elbow  
The Valgus Extension Overload Test for Olecranon Impingement
The Compression Test for Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve Entrapment Syndrome  
The Snap Sign for Snapping Triceps Syndrome  
The Creaking Tendon Sign for Triceps Tendinitis  
The Ballottement Test for Olecranon Bursitis  
The Tennis Elbow Test  
The Maudsley's Test For Lateral Epicondylitis
The Chair Lift Test For Lateral Epicondylitis
The Golfer's Elbow Test  
The Polk Test To Differentiate Lateral From Medial Epicondylitis
The Brachialis Jump Test for Climber's Elbow  
Section  4

The Forearm  

The Compression Test for Radial Tunnel Syndrome  
The Forced Pronation Test for Pronator Syndrome  
The Pinch Test for Anterior Interosseous Syndrome  
The Creaking Tendon Test for Intersection Syndrome  
Section  5

The Wrist and Hand  

Functional Anatomy of the Wrist  
  Visual Inspection of the Wrist and Hand  
Palpation of the Wrist and Hand  
Extension of the Wrist and Hand  
Flexion of the Wrist and Hand 
Adduction of the Wrist and Hand  
Abduction of the Wrist and Hand  
Painful Conditions of the Wrist and Hand  
The Wristwatch Test for Cheiralgia Paresthetica  
The Finkelstein Test for de Quervain Tenosynovitis 
The Allen Test for Patency of the Radial and Ulnar Arteries at the Wrist
The Watson Stress Test for Arthritis of the Carpometacarpal Joint of the Thumb  
The Ulnar Click Test for Ulnar Impaction Syndrome  
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome  
The Tinel Sign for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome  
The Phalen Test for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 
The Opponens Weakness Test for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 
The Opponens Pinch Test for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome  
The Two-Point Discrimination Test for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome  
The Dowart Hotdog Sign for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome  
The Spread Sign for Ulnar Tunnel Syndrome  
Flexion/Extension Test for Ganglion Cysts of the Wrist 
The Hunchback Carpal Sign for Carpal Boss  
The Tuck Sign for Extensor Tenosynovitis of the Wrist  
The Palmar Band Sign for Dupuytren Contracture 
 The Allen Test for Patency of the Digital Arteries of the Fingers
The Catching Tendon Sign for Trigger Finger Syndrome 
The Sausage Finger Sign for Psoriatic Arthritis  
The Swan Neck Deformity Sign
The Boutonnière Deformity Sign
The Heberden Node Sign for Osteoarthritis of the Distal Interphalangeal Joints  
The Bouchard Node Sign for Osteoarthritis of the Proximal Interphalangeal Joints 
 The Ice Water Test for Glomus Tumor of the Finger 
Section  6

The Chest Wall, Thorax and Thoracic Spine 

Winged Scapula Sign for Entrapment of the Long Thoracic Nerve of Bell  
The Suprascapular Notch Sign for Suprascapular Nerve Entrapment Syndrome  
The Shoulder Retraction Test for Costosternal Syndrome  
The Swollen Costosternal Joint Sign for Tietze Syndrome  
The Shrug Test for Sternoclavicular Joint Dysfunction  
The Hooking Maneuver Test for Slipping Rib Syndrome  
The Flexion Test for Acute Thoracic Vertebral Compression Fracture  
Section  7

The Lumbar Spine  

Functional Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine  
An Overview of the Nomenclature of the Diseased Lumbar Disc  
An Overview of Painful Conditions Emanating from the Lumbar Spine  
Visual Inspection of the Lumbar Spine  
Palpation of the Lumbar Spine  
Range of Motion of the Lumbar Spine  
The Schober Test For Lumbar Spine Flexion
The Kemp Test For Lumbar Facet Joint Dysfunction
The Lumbar Dermatomes  
The L4 Neurologic Level  
The L5 Neurologic Level  
The S1 Neurologic Level  
The Lasegue Straight Leg Raising Test for Lumbar Root Irritation 
The Sitting Straight Leg Raising Test for Lumbar Root Irritation  
The Naffziger Jugular Compression Test for an Equivocal Lasegue Straight Leg Raising Test  
The Flip Test for Lumbar Nerve Root Irritation  
The Buckling Knee Test for Lumbar Nerve Root Irritation 
The Spurling Test for Lumbar Nerve Root Irritation 
The Bragard Test for Lumbar Nerve Root Irritation  
The Ely Test for Lumbar Nerve Root Irritation  
The Fajersztajn Test for Lumbar Nerve Root Irritation
The Stoop Test for Spinal Stenosis  
The Babinski Sign for Diseases of the Corticospinal System  
The Chaddock Sign for Diseases of the Corticospinal System  
The Oppenheim Sign for Diseases of the Corticospinal System 
The Gordon Sign for Diseases of the Corticospinal System
Section  8

The Abdominal Wall and Pelvis  

The Sit-Up Sign for Anterior Cutaneous Nerve Entrapment Syndrome  
The Waddling Gait Sign for Osteitis Pubis Syndrome  
The Yeoman Test For Sacroiliac Joint Pain
The Van Durson Standing Flexion Test For Sacroiliac Joint Pain
The Pideallu Seatd Flexion Test For Sacroiliac Joint Pain
The Stork Test For Sacroiliac Joint Pain
The Gaenslen Test For For Sacroiliac Joint Pain
The Numb Medial Thigh Sign for Obturator Nerve Entrapment Syndrome  
The Novice Skier Sign for Ilioinguinal Nerve Entrapment Syndrome  
The Femoral Stretch Test
The Burning Lateral Thigh Sign for Meralgia Paresthetica  
Section  9

The Hip  

Functional Anatomy of the Hip  
Visual Inspection of the Hip Joint  
Palpation of the Hip  
Flexion of the Hip  
Extension of the Hip  
Abduction of the Hip  
Adduction of the Hip  
Internal Rotation of the Hip  
External Rotation of the Hip  
Painful Conditions of the Hip  
The Thomas Test for Flexion Deformity of the Hip  
The Trendelenburg Test for Weak Hip Abductors  
The Hopalong Cassidy Sign for Antalgic Gait  
The Patrick/FABER Test for Hip Pathology  
The Waldman Knee Squeeze Test for Adductor Tendinitis  
The Resisted Hip Extension Test for Ischial Bursitis  
The Resisted Hip Abduction Test for Gluteal Bursitis  
The Resisted Hip Adduction Test for Iliopsoas Bursitis 
The Piriformis Test For Piriformis Syndrome
The Resisted Abduction Release Test for Trochanteric Bursitis Pain  
The Fulcrum Test For Stress Fractures of the Femoral Shaft
The Ober Test for Iliotibial Band Contracture  
The Snap Sign for Snapping Hip Syndrome  
Section  10

The Knee  

Functional Anatomy of the Knee  
Visual Inspection of the Knee  
Palpation of the Knee  
Flexion of the Knee  
Extension of the Knee  
Rotation of the Knee  
An Overview of Painful Conditions of the Knee  
The Bulge Sign for Small Joint Effusions  
The Ballottement Test for Large Joint Effusions  
The Valgus Stress Test for Medial Collateral Ligament Integrity  
The Varus Stress Test for Lateral Collateral Ligament Integrity  
The Anterior Drawer Test for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Integrity 
The Flexion-Rotation Anterior Drawer Test for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Instability
The Lachman Test for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Integrity  
The Posterior Drawer Test for Posterior Cruciate Ligament Integrity
The Hughston External Rotation-Recurvatum Test for Posterior Cuciate Ligament Instability
The Quadriceps Active Test for Posterior Cruciate Ligament Integrity
The Pivot Shift Test for Anterolateral Rotary Instability  
The Reverse Pivot Shift Test of Jakob for Posterolateral Instability
The Tibial External Rotation Test for Injury to the Posterolateral Corner 
The Perkins Test for Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome 
The Patellar Grind Test For Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
The Fairbanks Apprehension Test for Lateral Patellar Subluxation  
The Patellar Tilt Test for Lateral Retinacular Dysfunction
The McMurray Test for Torn Meniscus  
The Apley Grinding Test for Meniscal Tear  
The Squat Test for Meniscal Tear
The Thessaly Test For Medial Meniscal Tear
The Twist Test for Semimembranosus Insertion Syndrome  
The Knee Extension Test for Quadriceps Expansion Syndrome  
Bursitis of the Knee  
The Creaking Tendon Sign for Hamstring Tendinitis  
The Noble Compression Test For Iliotibial Band Syndrome
The Bump Sign for Baker Cyst of the Knee  
Section  11

The Ankle and Foot  

Functional Anatomy of the Ankle and Foot 
Visual Inspection of the Ankle and Foot  
Palpation of the Ankle and Foot  
The Wave Test for Ankle Joint Effusion  
The Anterior Drawer Test for Anterior Talofibular Ligament Insufficiency  
The Inversion Test for Anterior Talofibular Ligament Insufficiency  
The Eversion Test for Deltoid Ligament Insufficiency 
The Squeeze Test for Syndesmosis Ankle Strain
The External Rotation Test for Syndesmosis Ankle Strain
The Tinel Sign for Anterior Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome  
The Tinel Sign for Posterior Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome  
The Creak Sign for Achilles Tendinitis  
The Toe Raise Test for Achilles Tendon Rupture
The Thompson Squeeze Test for Achilles Tendon Rupture
The Matles Test For Achilles Tendon Rupture
The Calcaneal Jump Sign for Plantar Fasciitis  
The Windlass Test For Plantar Fasciitis
The Mulder Sign for Morton Neuroma  

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