Diagnostic Ultrasound: Abdomen and Pelvis

Aya Kamaya, MD is an Associate Professor of Radiology at Stanford University. She is the Director of Ultrasound and Body Imaging Fellowship Director. Her clinical focuses are Oncologic Imaging, Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Imaging, Urogenital Imaging, Gynecological Imaging, Thyroid Ultrasound, Ultrasound, and Diagnostic Radiology. Kamaya is the co-lead author from Diagnostic Ultrasound: Abdomen and Pelvis, 1e. Jade J. Wong-You-Cheong, MD is a Professor of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine at the University of Maryland. She also has a secondary appointment in Surgery and is the Vice Chair of Quality and Patient Safety. Wong is the co-lead author from Diagnostic Ultrasound: Abdomen and Pelvis, 1e.

PART I: ANATOMY    

Abdomen    

1 Liver

2 Biliary System

3 Spleen

4 Pancreas

5 Kidneys

6 Adrenals

7 Bowel

8 Abdominal Lymph Nodes

9 Peritoneal Spaces and Structures

10 Abdominal Wall

Pelvis    

11 Ureters and Bladder

12 Prostate

13 Testes

14 Uterus

15 Cervix

16 Vagina

17 Ovaries

PART II: DIAGNOSES  

Liver      

Introduction and Overview

18 Approach to Hepatic Sonography

Diffuse Parenchymal Disease

19 Acute Hepatitis

20 Hepatic Cirrhosis

21 Hepatic Steatosis

22 Hepatic Schistosomiasis

23 Venoocclusive Disease

Cyst and Cyst-Like Lesions

24 Hepatic Cyst

25 Biliary Hamartoma

26 Caroli Disease

27 Biloma

28 Biliary Cystadenoma/Carcinoma

29 Pyogenic Hepatic Abscess

30 Amebic Hepatic Abscess

31 Hepatic Echinococcus Cyst

32 Hepatic Diffuse Microabscesses

33 Peribiliary Cyst

34 Hepatic Foregut Cyst

Focal Solid Masses

35 Hepatic Cavernous Hemangioma

36 Focal Nodular Hyperplasia

37 Hepatic Adenoma

38 Hepatocellular Carcinoma

39 Hepatic Metastases

40 Hepatic Lymphoma

Vascular Conditions

41 Portal Hypertension

42 TIPS Shunts

43 Portal Vein Occlusion

44 Budd-Chiari Syndrome

45 Portal Vein Gas

Liver Transplants

46 Hepatic Artery Stenosis/Occlusion

47 Portal Vein Stenosis/Occlusion

48 Venous Stenosis

49 Common Bile Duct Stricture

Biliary System  

Introduction and Overview

50 Approach to Biliary Sonography

Gallstones and Mimics

51 Cholelithiasis

52 Echogenic Bile

53 Gallbladder Cholesterol Polyp

Gallbladder Wall Pathology

54 Acute Calculous Cholecystitis

55 Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis

56 Chronic Cholecystitis

57 Xanthogranulomatous Cholecystitis

58 Porcelain Gallbladder

59 Hyperplastic Cholecystosis

60 Gallbladder Carcinoma

Ductal Pathology

61 Biliary Ductal Dilatation

62 Choledochal Cyst

63 Choledocholithiasis

64 Biliary Ductal Gas

65 Cholangiocarcinoma

66 Ascending Cholangitis

67 Recurrent Pyogenic Cholangitis

68 AIDS-Related Cholangiopathy

Pancreas    

Introduction and Overview

69 Approach to Pancreatic Sonography

Pancreatitis

70 Pancreatitis, Acute

71 Pancreatic Pseudocyst

72 Pancreatitis, Chronic

Simple Cysts and Cystic Neoplasms

73 Mucinous Cystic Pancreatic Tumor

74 Serous Cystadenoma of Pancreas

75 IPMN

Solid-Appearing Pancreatic Neoplasms

76 Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma

77 Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors

78 Solid Pseudopapillary Neoplasm

Spleen    

Introduction and Overview

79 Approach to Splenic Sonography

Splenic Lesions

80 Splenomegaly

81 Splenic Cyst

82 Splenic Tumors

83 Splenic Infarct

Urinary Tract  

Introduction and Overview

84 Approach to Urinary Tract Sonography

Normal Variants and Pseudolesions

85 Column of Bertin, Kidney

86 Renal Junction Line

87 Renal Ectopia

88 Horseshoe Kidney

89 Ureteral Duplication

90 Ureteral Ectopia

91 Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction

Calculi and Calcinosis

92 Urolithiasis

93 Nephrocalcinosis

94 Hydronephrosis

Cysts and Cystic Disorders

95 Simple Renal Cyst

96 Complex Renal Cyst

97 Cystic Disease of Dialysis

98 Lithium Microcysts

99 Multilocular Cystic Nephroma

Urinary Tract Infection

100 Acute Pyelonephritis

101 Renal Abscess

102 Emphysematous Pyelonephritis

103 Pyonephrosis

104 Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis

105 Tuberculosis, Urinary Tract

Solid Renal Neoplasms

106 Renal Cell Carcinoma

107 Renal Metastases

108 Renal Angiomyolipoma

109 Transitional Cell Carcinoma

110 Renal Lymphoma

Vascular Conditions

111 Renal Artery Stenosis

112 Renal Vein Thrombosis

113 Renal Infarct

114 Perinephric Hematoma

Prostate  

115 Prostatic Hypertrophy

116 Prostatic Carcinoma

Bladder  

117 Bladder Carcinoma

118 Ureterocele

119 Bladder Diverticulum

120 Bladder Calculi

121 Schistosomiasis, Bladder

Kidney    

Introduction and Overview

122 Approach to Sonographic Features of Renal Allografts

Renal Transplant Complications

123 Allograft Hydronephrosis

124 Perigraft Fluid Collections

125 Allograft Rejection

126 Renal Transplant Vascular Disorders

127 AV Fistula/Pseudoaneurysm

Adrenal Gland  

127 Adrenal Hemorrhage

128 Myelolipoma

129 Adrenal Adenoma

130 Adrenal Cysts

131 Pheochromocytoma

132 Adrenal Carcinoma

Abdominal Wall/Peritoneal Cavity

133 Abdominal Wall Hernia

134 Groin Hernia

135 Ascites

136 Peritoneal Carcinomatosis

137 Peritoneal Space Abscess

Bowel    

138 Appendicitis

139 Appendiceal Mucocele

140 Intussusception

141 Epiploic Appendagitis

142 Diverticulitis

143 Crohn Disease

144 Bowel Malignancy

Scrotum    

Introduction and Overview

145 Approach to Scrotal Sonography

Scrotal Lesions

146 Testicular Germ Cell Tumors

147 Gonadal Stromal Tumors, Testis

148 Testicular Lymphoma/Leukemia

149 Epidermoid Cyst

150 Tubular Ectasia of Rete Testes

151 Testicular Microlithiasis

152 Testicular Torsion/Infarction

153 Undescended Testis

154 Epididymitis/Orchitis

155 Scrotal Trauma

156 Hydrocele

157 Spermatocele/Epididymal Cyst

158 Adenomatoid Tumor

159 Varicocele

Female Pelvis  

Introduction and Overview

160 Approach to Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Issues

Cervical and Myometrial Pathology

161 Nabothian Cyst

162 Cervical Carcinoma

163 Adenomyosis, General Uterine

164 Leiomyoma, General Uterine

165 Uterine Anomalies

Endometrial Disorders

166 Hematometrocolpos

167 Endometrial Polyp

168 Endometrial Hyperplasia/Carcinoma

169 Endometritis

Pregnancy-Related Disorders

170 Ectopic Pregnancy

171 Unusual Ectopic Pregnancies

172 Failed First Trimester Pregnancy

173 Retained Products of Conception

174 Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasm

Ovarian Cysts and Cystic Neoplasms

175 Functional Ovarian Cyst

176 Hemorrhagic Cyst

177 Ovarian Hyperstimulation

178 Serous Ovarian Cystadenoma/Carcinoma

179 Mucinous Ovarian Cystadenoma/Carcinoma

180 Ovarian Teratoma

181 Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

182 Endometriomas

Non-Ovarian Cystic Masses

183 Hydrosalpinx

184 Tuboovarian Abscess

185 Parovarian Cysts

186 Peritoneal Inclusion Cyst

Vaginal and Vulvar Cysts

187 Bartholin Cyst

188 Gartner Duct Cyst

Miscellaneous Ovarian Masses

189 Sex Cord-Stromal Tumor

190 Ovarian Fibrothecoma

191 Adnexal/Ovarian Torsion

192 Ovarian Metastases Including Krukenberg Tumor

PART III: DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES

Liver      

193 Hepatomegaly

194 Diffuse Liver Disease

195 Cystic Liver Lesion

196 Hypoechoic Liver Mass

197 Echogenic Liver Mass

198 Target Lesions in Liver

199 Multiple Hepatic Masses

200 Hepatic Mass with Central Scar

201 Periportal Lesion

202 Irregular Hepatic Surface

203 Portal Vein Abnormality

Biliary System  

Gallbladder  

204 Diffuse Gallbladder Wall Thickening

205 Hyperechoic Gallbladder Wall

206 Focal Gallbladder Wall Thickening/Mass

207 Echogenic Material in Gallbladder

208 Dilated Gallbladder

Bile Ducts  

209 Intrahepatic & Extrahepatic Duct Dilatation

210 Biliary Duct Wall Thickening +/- Periportal Change

Pancreas    

211 Focal Pancreatic Lesion

212 Pancreatic Duct Dilatation

213 Diffuse/Focal Pancreatic Enlargement

214 Pancreatic Calcification

Spleen   

215 Splenomegaly

216 Focal Splenic Lesion

Urinary Tract  

217 Intraluminal Bladder Mass

218 Abnormal Bladder Wall

Kidney    

219 Enlarged Kidney

220 Small Kidney

221 Hypoechoic Kidney

222 Hyperechoic Kidney

223 Focal Renal Mass

224 Renal Pseudotumor

225 Dilated Renal Pelvis

Adrenal Gland  

226 Focal Adrenal Mass

Abdominal Wall/Peritoneal Cavity

227 Diffuse Peritoneal Fluid

228 Focal Peritoneal Mass

Prostate    

229 Enlarged Prostate

230 Focal Lesion in Prostate

Scrotum    

231 Diffuse Testicular Enlargement

232 Decreased Testicular Size

233 Testicular Calcifications

234 Focal Testicular Mass

235 Focal Extratesticular Mass

236 Extratesticular Cystic Mass

Female Pelvis  

237 Cystic Adnexal Mass

238 Solid Adnexal Mass

239 Extra-Ovarian Adnexal Mass

240 Enlarged Ovary

241 Enlarged Uterus

242 Abnormal Endometrium