Technologies for Development (eBook)

Silvia Hostettler studied Tropical Environmental Science at the University of Aberdeen followed by a postgraduate course on development studies with EPFL which took her to Burkina Faso for six months. Upon returning from Africa, she started working with IUCN – The World Conservation Union at IUCN headquarters in Gland. In 2001, she was recruited as Research Programme Coordinator at EPFL in the framework of the Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research North-South. At the same time, she fulfilled a mandate for backstopping regional workshops in Ethiopia, Kenya, Cuba, Bolivia, Nepal and Vietnam. In 2007, she obtained her PhD on land use change and international migration in western Mexico. From 2008 to 2012 she was based in Bangalore, India as Executive Director of swissnex, a Swiss House for Science facilitating research collaboration between Switzerland and India. Since September 2012 she is Deputy Director of the Cooperation and Development Center (CODEV) at EPFL where she is responsible for coordinating research activities and for the UNESCO Chair in Technologies for Development Conference. She is also in charge of postgraduate education offered by CODEV and gives lectures in the field of cooperation and development. Her research interests include migration, livelihood strategies, development studies, watershed management, land use change and tropical forest ecology. She has written various articles and other scientific publications on these topics. Eileen Hazboun is of Palestinian/Jordanian origin, born in the Sudan with extensive international exposure: living in Switzerland, Australia, the United States, countries of South East Asia (Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Philippines) and the South Pacific (Solomon Islands, Vanuatu). Eileen has experience in human resources working with Ernst & Young in Los Angeles; PR/Communications with the World Business Council of Sustainable Development at the time of the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development in Brazil; fundraising and humanitarian aid with the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and the management of the global ticketing logistics and supply chain activities at the International Air Transport Association, prior to the implementation of electronic ticketing. Since January 2010, she has been working in CODEV as the Coordinator for the UNESCO Chair in Technologies for Development as well as the CAS in Management of Development Projects and the CAS in Disaster Risk Reduction. Eileen holds a BA in Humanities from Griffith University in Brisbane, Australia and an MBA from the University of Geneva. Eileen is multi-lingual speaking English, French and Arabic. Jean-Claude Bolay was appointed Director of Cooperation at the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in 2001 and has headed what recently became the Cooperation & Development Center (CODEV) since 2005. A sociologist by training, he specialized in urban issues in Latin America, Asia and West Africa. He prepared his PhD in Political Sciences at El Colegio de Mexico, then at UC Berkeley, USA. Before joining EPFL in 1989, he worked for the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) both in Switzerland and in Cameroon. He has carried out many international research projects in Vietnam and Latin American countries in particular, looking at social practices in urban societies, sustainable urban development and poverty reduction in developing countries. He was a scientific advisor and evaluator for the Swiss State Secretariat for Education and Research, the Belgian Universities’ Commission for Development and the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, among other institutions. At EPFL, he has directed postgraduate courses on development in Africa and India. In parallel to his position as Director of CODEV, he was appointed Adjunct Professor in 2005 in the Laboratory of Urban Sociology of the Natural, Architectural and Built Environment School.

Preface 5
Acknowledgments 7
Scientific Committee and Session Leaders 9
Contents 11
Editors and Contributors 14
Part I Introduction 18
1 Technologies for Development: What Really Matters? 19
Abstract 19
1.1 Introduction 19
1.2 Key Challenges 20
1.3 Technological Leapfrogging 21
1.4 Conclusion 25
References 26
Part II InnovativeTechnologies for Development 27
2 Commercial Channels for Sustainable Technology Deployment in Developing Countries 28
Abstract 28
2.1 Introduction 28
References 31
3 Low-Cost Wireless Sensor Networks for Dryland Irrigation Agriculture in Burkina Faso 33
Abstract 33
3.1 Introduction and Purpose 34
3.2 Design and Methods 35
3.2.1 Low-Cost Wireless Sensor Networks 35
3.2.2 Water Management System 37
3.2.3 Model 38
3.2.4 Experiment 39
3.3 Results 39
3.3.1 Experimental Results 39
3.3.2 Modeling Results 42
3.4 Perspectives 43
3.5 Conclusion 44
References 44
4 A Pilot of 3D Printing of Medical Devices in Haiti 46
Abstract 46
4.1 Introduction and Purpose 47
4.2 The Need for Technology 48
4.3 Design and Methods 49
4.4 Results 50
4.5 Conclusions 55
References 56
5 Mobile Financial Services in Disaster Relief: Modeling Sustainability 58
Abstract 58
5.1 Mobile Financial Services in Disaster Relief: Modeling Sustainability 59
5.2 Mobile Financial Services 59
5.3 Problematic: Climate Change, Food Security, and Disaster Relief 61
5.4 Modeling Financial Services and MMI 62
Acknowledgments 66
References 66
6 Innovating for the Bottom of the Pyramid: Case Studies in Healthcare from India 68
Abstract 68
6.1 Introduction and Purpose 69
6.2 Design and Methods 70
6.3 Results 71
6.3.1 Diagnostic Devices 71
6.3.2 Service Delivery Systems 76
6.4 Conclusions 79
Acknowledgments 81
References 81
Part III Open Source-Open Access-Open Innovation 83
7 Promises and Perils of Open Source Technologies for Development: Can the ``Subaltern'' Research and Innovate? 84
Abstract 84
7.1 Introduction 84
7.2 Subaltern Research and Development and Alternative Models 86
7.3 Summary 88
References 90
8 Open Issues and a Proposal for Open-source Data Monitoring to Assure Quality, Reliability, and Safety in Health Care Devices Targeting Low- and Middle-income Countries 92
Abstract 92
8.1 Introduction 92
8.2 Methods 93
8.3 Results 93
8.3.1 Health Care Product Development 94
8.3.2 A Changing Landscape 94
8.3.3 Stakeholder Perspectives on the Current State of QRS Affairs 95
8.3.4 Synthesis: Stakeholders in the Emerging Markets 97
8.4 Key Issues to Address in the Current Context 98
8.5 The Timing for a New, Open Approach to QRS 98
8.6 Conclusion 100
References 100
9 Solar Water Heating System Codesign and Do-It-Yourself Approach for Appropriate Technology Diffusion: The M00E9dina Case Study (Dakar, Senegal) 102
Abstract 102
9.1 Hot Water Needs and Solar Water Heater Technology 102
9.2 Design and Participative Method 104
9.3 The M00E9dina (Dakar, Senegal) Case Study 106
9.4 Conclusions 109
References 110
10 Facilitating Adoption of a Private Sector Led Open Innovation Approach to Rural Sanitation Marketing in Bangladesh 112
Abstract 112
10.1 Background 113
10.2 Purpose 114
10.3 Method 115
10.4 Results 117
10.5 Conclusions 119
References 120
Part IV Medical Technologiesfor the Global South 122
11 Medical Devices and Information Communication Technologies for the Base of the Pyramid 123
Abstract 123
11.1 Introduction 123
11.2 Market Challenges 124
11.3 Technology and Design Challenges 125
References 127
12 Challenges of Implementing mHealth Interventions for Lifestyle Modification in Prehypertensive Subjects in Argentina, Guatemala, and Peru 129
Abstract 129
12.1 Introduction 130
12.2 Methods 131
12.2.1 Background of the Study 131
12.3 Results 131
12.3.1 Enrollment 131
12.3.2 Baseline Results 132
12.3.3 Usage of Cell Phones 132
12.3.4 Process Results of the mHealth Intervention 133
12.3.5 Intervention Fidelity and Dose Received 134
12.4 Discussion 134
References 136
13 Designing Suitable Assistive Technology for the Population with Motor Disabilities in Colombia 138
Abstract 138
13.1 Introduction and Purpose 139
13.2 The Expanded Model of Axiomatic Design for Assistive Products for People with Disability 139
13.2.1 Method of Expanded Model of Axiomatic Design 140
13.3 Results 141
13.3.1 Assistive Product for Mobility 141
13.3.2 Facility for Rehabilitation Therapy 143
13.4 Learning and Dissemination of Results 144
13.5 Conclusion 144
Acknowledgments 145
References 145
14 ReMotion Knee: Scaling of an Affordable Prosthetic Knee for Developing Countries 146
Abstract 146
14.1 Introduction 147
14.2 Design and Methods 151
14.2.1 Design Process 151
14.2.2 Market Landscape 152
14.2.2.1 Limiting Factors for Clinics (Market Supply) 152
14.2.2.2 Limiting Factors for Amputees (Market Demand) 153
14.2.3 User Testing 153
14.2.3.1 User Feedback from the JaipurKnee 153
14.2.3.2 Field Trials with the ReMotion Knee (prototype) 154
14.2.4 Technical Product Features 154
14.2.5 User Needs 155
14.2.6 Manufacturing and Distribution 155
14.3 Conclusions 156
14.3.1 Lessons Learned from Field Trials 156
14.3.1.1 Creating a Survey with Appropriate Context 156
14.3.1.2 Survey Translation 157
14.3.1.3 Electronic Survey Return 157
14.3.2 Limitations and Keys for Success 157
14.3.3 A Call for Impact Assessment 158
References 159
15 Scalable Ecosystem Solution to Screen and Treat Patients with Chronic Infections and Hearing Loss in Emerging Markets 161
Abstract 161
15.1 Introduction and Purpose 162
15.2 Program Design 163
15.2.1 Create a Foundation for Scale 163
15.2.2 Focus on the Underserved 164
15.2.3 Be Willing to Fail and Iterate 165
15.2.4 Leverage Partners with Expertise 166
15.2.5 Innovate Locally and Frugally 167
15.3 Results 168
15.4 Conclusions 168
15.4.1 Focus on the Disease, Not the Product 168
15.4.2 Partner with Others to Develop a Sustainable Ecosystem of Care 169
15.4.3 Ensure Visibility and Involvement of Senior Leadership 170
15.4.4 Cultivate and Maintain an Entrepreneurial Mindset 170
References 171
Part V Impact Assessment ofTechnologies for Development 172
16 Tools to Measure the Development Impact of Innovations 173
Abstract 173
16.1 Introduction 173
References 177
17 Toward a Spatial Monitoring and Evaluation System, Collecting Indicators to Map and Measure 178
Abstract 178
17.1 Introduction and Purpose 179
17.2 Design and Method 181
17.2.1 The System 181
17.2.2 Data Capture 181
17.2.3 Work Flow 182
17.2.4 Standardization 183
17.3 Results 185
17.4 Conclusion 187
References 188
18 The Technology Applicability Framework. A Participatory Tool to Validate Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Technologies for Low-Income Urban Areas 189
Abstract 189
18.1 Introduction 190
18.2 Design and Methods 191
18.2.1 General Overview 191
18.2.2 Research Objectives and Structure for Research 193
18.3 Results 195
18.3.1 Comprehensive Indicator Set on Sustainability and Introduction Issues 195
18.3.2 Clear and Participatory Process to Give Everybody a Voice 197
18.3.3 The TAF Profile Allows Visualization of Results and Offers Transparent Options for Interpretation 198
18.4 Conclusions 200
Acknowledgments 201
References 201
19 Lessons from the Evaluation of a Clinical Decision Support Tool for Cardiovascular Disease Risk Management in Rural India 202
Abstract 202
19.1 Introduction and Purpose 202
19.2 Design and Methods 204
19.2.1 CVD Risk Algorithm: Implementation and Validation 204
19.2.2 Adapting the mHealth CDS Tool for End-Users in a Resource-Constrained Region 205
19.2.3 Field Evaluation 206
19.3 Results 207
19.3.1 General User Acceptance of the CDS Tool 208
19.3.2 Adoption of Technology 208
19.3.3 Barriers to Increased Adoption 209
19.4 Conclusion 210
Acknowledgments 210
References 211
20 Comparing Cookstove Usage Measured with Sensors Versus Cell Phone-Based Surveys in Darfur, Sudan 213
Abstract 213
20.1 Introduction and Purpose 214
20.2 Design and Methods 215
20.3 Results 219
20.4 Conclusions 221
Acknowledgments 222
References 222