Atlas of Oral Microbiology (eBook)

From Healthy Microflora to Disease

eBook Download: PDF | EPUB

2015 | 1. Auflage
118 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-12-802531-4 (ISBN)

Atlas of Oral Microbiology provides a complete description of the oral microbial systems, illustrating them with a large variety of bacteria culture images and electron microscopy photos. This work is by far the most thorough and best illustrated oral microbiology atlas available. In addition, it also describes in detail a variety of experimental techniques, including microbiological isolation, culture and identification. This valuable reference book, with its strong practical function, will serve a broad audience, and meet the needs of researchers, clinicians, teachers and students who major in biology,ÿmicrobiology, immunology and infectious diseases. This monograph will also facilitate teaching and international academic exchange. - Brings together interdisciplinary research on microbiology, oral biology and infectious diseases - Collects a large number of oral microbial pictures, providing the most abundantly illustrated oral microbiology atlas available - Describes in detail, a variety of experimental techniques, including microbiological isolation, culture and identification - Provides a complete update of already existing information, as well as the latest views on oral manifestations of infections

Atlas of Oral Microbiology provides a complete description of the oral microbial systems, illustrating them with a large variety of bacteria culture images and electron microscopy photos. This work is by far the most thorough and best illustrated oral microbiology atlas available. In addition, it also describes in detail a variety of experimental techniques, including microbiological isolation, culture and identification. This valuable reference book, with its strong practical function, will serve a broad audience, and meet the needs of researchers, clinicians, teachers and students who major in biology, microbiology, immunology and infectious diseases. This monograph will also facilitate teaching and international academic exchange. - Brings together interdisciplinary research on microbiology, oral biology and infectious diseases- Collects a large number of oral microbial pictures, providing the most abundantly illustrated oral microbiology atlas available- Describes in detail, a variety of experimental techniques, including microbiological isolation, culture and identification- Provides a complete update of already existing information, as well as the latest views on oral manifestations of infections

Front Cover 1
ATLAS OF ORAL MICROBIOLOGY 4
Copyright 5
Contents 6
Contributors 8
Preface 10
Chapter 1 - Basic Biology of Oral Microbes 12
1.1 CYTOLOGICAL BASIS OF MICROORGANISMS 12
1.2 MICROBIAL MORPHOLOGY 12
1.3 MICROBIAL CELL STRUCTURE 12
1.4 MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY 19
1.5 MICROBIAL GENETICS 20
Chapter 2 - Techniques for Oral Microbiology 26
2.1 SMEAR AND STAIN TECHNIQUES 26
2.2 ISOLATION, INCUBATION, AND IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUES 32
2.3 MICROSCOPY TECHNIQUES 38
2.4 ORAL MICROECOLOGY TECHNIQUES 43
2.5 ORAL MICROBIOME TECHNIQUES 46
Chapter 3 - Supragingival Microbes 52
3.1 GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA 52
3.2 GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA 73
Chapter 4 - Subgingival Microbes 78
4.1 GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA 78
4.2 GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA 83
Chapter 5 - Oral Mucosal Microbes 106
5.1 GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA 106
5.2 GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA 111
5.3 MYCOPLASMA 114
5.4 FUNGI 115
5.5 VIRUS 118

Chapter 1

Basic Biology of Oral Microbes

Abstract

This chapter describes the basic biology of oral microbes, including cytological basis of the microorganisms, microbial morphology, microbial cell structure, microbial physiology, and microbial genetics.

Keywords

Bacteria; Cell wall; Cytoplasm; Fungi; Heredity; Physiology; Transduction; Variation; Virus

1.1. Cytological Basis Of Microorganisms

The cell is the fundamental unit of all living organisms. Various subunit structures and chemical substances found on and inside the cell make complex cellular functions possible. Microbes can be divided into three major groups according to their morphological structure, degree of differentiation, and chemical composition: eukaryote, prokaryote, and acellular microorganisms (Figure 1.1(A)–(D)).

1.2. Microbial Morphology

Microorganisms, also known as microbes, are tiny organisms that are only visible under an optical microscope or an electron microscope. They are small in size and simple in structure. Microbes reproduce quickly, can tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions, are widely distributed, highly variable, and tend to congregate.

1.2.1. Microbial Size

As many types of microbes exist, they vary widely in size. Generally, the units used to measure microbes are μm and nm. Most cocci are 1 μm in diameter. Bacilli can be further divided into coccobacilli, brevibacteria, and long bacilli, and measure approximately 1–10 μm in length and 0.3–1 μm in width. Spirochetes measure approximately 6–20 μm in length and 0.1–0.2 μm in width. Fungi are several times larger than bacteria. Most viruses are smaller than 150 nm and are only visible under the electron microscope. The same microbes can change in size depending on their environment or age (Figure 1.2).

1.2.2. Microbial Morphology

Different types of microbes have different, but characteristic, shapes. Under suitable conditions, the shape and size of microbes are relatively stable. It is important to know the morphological structure of microbes, as it provides us with a better understanding of microbial physiology, pathogenic mechanisms, antigenic features, and allows us to identify them by species. In addition, knowledge of microbial morphology can be helpful in diagnosing disease and in preventing microbial infections.

1. Bacteria are complex and highly variable microbes. They come in four basic shapes: spherical (cocci), rod-shaped (bacilli), arc-shaped (vibrio), and spiral (spirochete) (Figure 1.3(A)).

2. Fungi are divided into unicellular and multicellular according to the number of cells that make up the organism. Unicellular fungi, such as Saccharomyces and other yeast-like fungi, are usually round or oval. Multicellular fungi have hyphae and spores. The hyphae and spores of different fungi are shaped differently (Figure 1.3(B) and (C)).

3. Many viruses are spherical or almost spherical, some are rod-shaped (often seen in plant viruses), filamentous (e.g., freshly isolated influenza virus), bullet-shaped (e.g., rabies virus), brick-shaped (e.g., poxvirus), and tadpole-shaped (e.g., bacteriophage) (Figure 1.3(D)).

1.3. Microbial Cell Structure

Although different microbes possess different cellular structures, there are certain commonalities within groups of microbes.

1.3.1. Basic Bacterial Structures

The architecture of bacterial cells consists of basic and special structures. Basic structures include the cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nuclear material, ribosome, plasmid, etc. Special structures, which are only found in some bacteria, include the flagellum, pilus, capsule, spore, etc. (Figure 1.4).

Figure 1.1 (A) Eukaryotic microbes (Saccharomyces, SEM): The eukaryotic cell has a high degree of nuclear differentiation. It has a nuclear membrane, nucleoli, and chromosomes. There is a complete complement of structured organelles in the cytoplasm and cellular reproduction takes place by mitosis. Examples include fungi and algae. (B) Prokaryotic microbes (bacteria). (C) Prokaryotic microbes (mycoplasma): The prokaryotic cell has a primitive nucleoplasm and cell membrane; it has no nuclear membrane, nucleolus, or organelles. Prokaryotes include bacteria such as Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, and Rickettsia. (D) Acellular microorganisms (herpes simplex virus): Acellular microorganisms are the smallest microorganism with no typical cell structure and no enzymatic energy-production system. They consist merely of a nucleic acid genome (DNA/RNA) and a protein coat (the capsid). Acellular microorganisms can only reproduce inside a living cell. Examples include viruses and subviral agents.

1.3.1.1. Cell Wall

The cell wall is the outermost structure of the bacterial cell and is located outside the cell membrane. It is transparent, tough, and flexible. The average thickness ranges from 15 to 30 nm. It mainly consists of peptidoglycan, also called mucopeptide, glycopeptide, or murein. Bacteria are classified into gram-positive and gram-negative based on the appearance of the cells after Gram stain. The peptidoglycan of gram-positive bacteria is composed of a glycan backbone, tetrapeptide side chains, and a pentapeptide cross-linking bridge (Figure 1.5(A)). The peptidoglycan of gram-negative bacteria is composed of a glycan backbone and a tetrapeptide side chain (Figure 1.5(B)).

Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria have unique structures other than peptidoglycan in their cell walls (Figure 1.5(C) and (D)). Other substances, such as compound polysaccharide, surface protein, proteins M and G of Streptococcus, protein A of Staphylococcus aureus, etc. are found on the outer layer of the cell wall of some gram-positive bacteria.

1.3.1.2. Cell Wall-Deficient Bacteria (Bacterial L Form)

Cell wall-deficient bacteria are strains of bacteria that lack cell walls. The peptidoglycan that makes up the cell wall can be destroyed or inhibited by physical, chemical, or biological factors. When gram-positive bacteria lack a cell wall, the cytoplasm is surrounded by the cell membrane, and the entire structure is known as a protoplast. When gram-negative bacteria do not have a cell wall, the cytoplasm is protected by the outer membrane, and the entire structure is called a spheroplast. Bacteria that have lost their cell wall are still capable of growing and dividing as cell wall-deficient bacteria. Examples of these were first isolated in 1935 by Emmy Klieneberger-Nobel, who named them “L-forms” after the Lister Institute in London where she was working at the time. L-form bacteria give rise to a variety of cell morphologies and sizes and can be spherical, rod-shaped, filiform, etc. The rate of growth and division of L-form bacteria is slow. They also form distinctive bacterial colonies when plated on agar. Some L-form strains have a tendency to revert to the normal phenotype when the conditions that were used to produce the cell wall deficiency are reduced. L-form bacteria are difficult to stain or stain unevenly. In a Gram stain test, L-form bacteria always show up as gram-negative, due to the lack of a cell wall.

Figure 1.2 Microbial size

(A) Staphylococcus 1000 nm. (B) Rickettsia 450 nm. (C) Chlamydia 390 nm. (D) Tobacco mosaic virus 300 × 15 nm. (E) Escherichia coli bacteriophages, head 65 × 95 nm, tail 12 × 100 nm. (F) Adenovirus 70 nm. (G) Poxvirus 300 × 230 nm. (H) Influenza virus 100 nm. (I) Poliovirus 30 nm. (J) Japanese encephalitis virus 40 nm. (K) Molecule of egg protein 10 nm.

1.3.1.3. Cell Membrane

The cell membrane is a selectively permeable biological membrane found inside the cell wall and surrounding the cytoplasm. It is made of a lipid bilayer. The cell membrane is compact and flexible, and measures approximately 7.5 nm in thickness. It accounts for 10–30% of the bacterial cell dry weight. The structure of the bacterial cell membrane resembles that of eukaryotic cell membranes, except it is deficient in cholesterol. The lipid bilayer is embedded with carrier proteins and zymoprotein, which possess specific functions.

The cell membrane of some bacteria can form invaginations into the cytoplasm called mesosomes.

1.3.1.4. Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm is the gel-like substance enclosed within the cell membrane, which is made up of water, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, inorganic salts, etc. Most metabolic activities take place within the cytoplasm, and subcellular structures, such...

Erscheint lt. Verlag	30.1.2015
Sprache	englisch
Themenwelt	Medizin / Pharmazie ► Gesundheitsfachberufe
	Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Mikrobiologie / Infektologie / Reisemedizin
	Medizin / Pharmazie ► Zahnmedizin
	Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Mikrobiologie / Immunologie
	Technik
ISBN-10	0-12-802531-X / 012802531X
ISBN-13	978-0-12-802531-4 / 9780128025314

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