Principles of Pulmonary Protection in Heart Surgery

General Concepts.- Anatomy of the Lungs.- Respiratory Physiology.- Histological Features of Lungs.- Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Lung Function, its Control and Regulation.- Imaging Evaluation of the Thorax.- Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury.- Endothelial Protection During Heart Surgery and Lung Transplantation.- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Pulmonary Injury.- Aprotinin Decreases Lung Reperfusion Injury and Dysfunction.- Effects of Prostaglandin E1 and Nitroglycerin on Lung Preservation.- Endothelin and Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury.- L-Arginine and Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury.- The Role of Nitric Oxide in Pulmonary Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury.- Activity of Glutathione-Related Enzymes in Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury.- Heart Histopathology in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury.- Beating Heart Surgery and Pulmonary Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury.- Pulmonary Hypertension.- Mechanisms of Pulmonary Edema.- Idiopathic Pulmonary Hypertension: New Challenges.- Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension and Pulmonary Endarterectomy.- Eisenmenger Syndrome.- Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in Cardiac Surgery.- Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.- Cardiopulmonary Bypass and Pulmonary Injury.- The Extracorporeal Circulation Circuit Versus Bioengineering Biomaterials.- Ischemic Preconditioning and Lung Preservation.- Impact of Cardiopulmonary Bypass on Pulmonary Hemodynamic Variables.- Impact of Cardiopulmonary Bypass on Gas Exchange Features.- Pulmonary Energy Metabolism and Multiple Inflammatory Repercussions.- Benefits of Ultrafiltration for Pulmonary Function.- Principles of Pulmonary Protection During Heart Surgery.- Lung Perfusion: Technique and Principles.- Determining Hemodynamic Parameters.- Extracorporeal Circuit Pathways for Lung Perfusion.- Hemodynamic Performance.- Quality of Gas Exchange.- Inflammatory Cell Markers.- Cytokines and Cellular Adhesion Molecules.- Macroscopical and Microscopical Findings.- Lung Perfusion: Issues and Controversies.- Continuous or Intermittent Lung Perfusion with Arterial or Venous Blood.- Lung Perfusion and Mechanical Ventilation.- Pulmonary Hemodynamic Profile and Natriuretic Peptides.- Low-Frequency Mechanical Ventilation During Cardiopulmonary Bypass.- Inhaled Carbon Monoxide as an Experimental Therapeutic Strategy of Lung Protection During Cardiopulmonary Bypass.- Lung Perfusion in Clinical Heart-Lung Surgery.- Lung Perfusion and Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting.- Lung Perfusion in Clinical Mitral Valve Surgery.- Lung Perfusion in Clinical Aortic Surgery.- Lung Perfusion in Clinical Heart-Lung Surgery: Congenital Heart Disease Surgery.- Retrograde Pulmonary Perfusion for Pulmonary Thromboembolism.- Lung Perfusion in Clinical Heart-Lung Transplantation.- Final Considerations.- Principles of Pulmonary Protection During Heart Surgery.- Lung Perfusion: Reflections and Perspectives.