Doing Research in Emergency and Acute Care – Making Order Out of Chaos

Kama Z. Guluma, MD, is an Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine and the Research Education Coordinator in the UC San Diego Health Systems Department of Emergency Medicine. He is a board-certified and clinically active Emergency Physician with over 10 years of hands on experience in clinical and basic science research, specifically with regards to acute stroke. He has served -- and currently serves as a Principal Investigator in NIH? funded clinical trials, and has published both clinical and pre-clinical research manuscripts. He has been a member of the NIH Stroke Progress Review Group, a national panel convened by the National Institutes of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (NINDS) to identify and outline national research priorities in acute stroke. He is also a reviewer for the Annals of Emergency Medicine, Internal and Emergency Medicine, and the Journal of Emergency Medicine. Michael P. Wilson, PhD, MD, is an Attending Physician in the UC San Diego Health Systems Department of Emergency Medicine, as well as Director of the Department of Emergency Medicine Behavioral Emergencies Research lab. He is a board certified and clinically active Emergency Physician, and brings a "cross-trained" perspective, having received his PhD in Cognitive Neuroscience. He has published numerous articles on both Emergency Medicine research and behavioral emergencies, sits on numerous journal editorial boards, and is a reviewer for both the Journal of Emergency Medicine and Western Journal of Emergency Medicine. Stephen Hayden, MD, is a Professor in the UC San Diego Health Systems Department of Emergency Medicine, is the previous Director of Residency Training and currently serves as Dean of Graduate Medical Education. He is a board-certified and clinically active Emergency Physician, has lectured nationally on evidence-based medicine, and is editor-in-chief of the Journal of Emergency Medicine.

List of contributors, ix Part 1: Getting ready: Preparing for your research study 1 Aspects of research specific to acute care, 3 Jarrod M. Mosier and Peter Rosen 2 Aspects of feasibility in research, 7 Kama Z. Guluma 3 How do I formulate a research question?, 13 Michael P. Wilson 4 Evidence?]based medicine: Finding the knowledge gap, 17 Eddy Lang and Zubair Bayat 5 How to carry out an efficient literature search, 21 Aleksandr Tichter, Louise Falzon, and Peter Wyer 6 What do I need to know to get started with animal and basic science research?, 31 George J. Shaw 7 The IRB process: How to write up a human studies protocol, 37 Christian Tomaszewski 8 Ethics in research: How to collect data ethically, 45 Nas Rafi and Brian Snyder 9 Safety in research: How to ensure patient safety?, 53 Robert Grover and Vicken Y. Totten Part 2: Getting it done: Doing your research study 10 How to design a study that everyone will believe: Minimizing bias and confounding, 61 Michael Witting 11 How to design a study that everyone will believe: An overview of research studies and picking the right design, 65 Julian Villar, Jennifer Lanning, and Robert Rodriguez 12 How to design a study that everyone will believe: Random selection and allocation of patients to treatment conditions, 71 Katie L. Tataris, Mary Mercer, and Prasanthi Govindarajan 13 How to design a study that everyone will believe: Surveys, 79 Edward M. Castillo and Gary M. Vilke 14 How to design a study that everyone will believe: Retrospective reviews, 85 Jonathan Auten and Paul Ishimine 15 How to design a study that everyone will believe: Prehospital studies, 93 Christopher Kahn 16 How to design a study that everyone will believe: Ethical concepts for special populations in emergency research, 97 Kimberly Nordstrom 17 How to design a study that everyone will believe: Industry studies, 105 Richard F. Clark and Alicia B. Minns 18 How to design a study that everyone will believe: Prospective studies, 115 Gary Gaddis 19 How to design a study that everyone will believe: effectiveness, safety, and the intention to treat, 121 Ashleigh Campillo, Christopher J. Coyne, and Juan A. Luna 20 How to design a study that everyone will believe: Emergency department operations and systems, 129 Vaishal Tolia 21 How to design a study that everyone will believe: The challenges of doing international research, 133 Vicken Y. Totten 22 The development of clinical prediction rules, 139 Benton R. Hunter and Christopher R. Carpenter 23 Testing the safety and efficacy of devices: Device safety, as well as obtaining an IDE (investigational device exemption) from the FDA, 149 Sean?]Xavier Neath 24 Privacy in research: How to collect data safely and confidentially, 155 Gary M. Vilke and Edward M. Castillo 25 How do I establish a research assistant program?, 161 Judd E. Hollander 26 How to complete a research study well and in a minimum of time: The importance of collaboration, 167 Austin Hopper and Michael P. Wilson Part 3: Getting it out there: Analyzing and publishing your study 27 Eliminating common misconceptions to enable intelligent use of biostatistics: How can a novice use statistics more intelligently?, 175 Gary Gaddis 28 Basic statistics: sample size and power: How are sample size and power calculated?, 183 Manish Garg, Richard Harrigan, and Gary Gaddis 29 Basic statistics: Means, P values, and confidence intervals, 191 Daniel del Portal and Richard Harrigan 30 Basic statistics: Assessing the impact of therapeutic interventions with odds-ratios, relative risk, and hazard ratios, 199 Jesse J. Brennan and Edward M. Castillo 31 Basic statistics: Assessing the impact of a diagnostic test; choosing a gold standard, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and likelihood ratios, 205 Stephen R. Hayden 32 Advanced biostatistics: Chi?]square, ANOVA, regression, and multiple regression, 213 Gary Gaddis 33 Can I combine the results of this study with others? An introduction to systematic reviews, 223 Brian H. Rowe 34 How to write a scientific paper for publication, 231 Stephen R. Hayden 35 How do I make reviewers happy? The review process: What do reviewers look for in a manuscript? What is the review process?, 239 David J. Karras and Jacob W. Ufberg 36 How do I write a grant?, 247 Zachary D.W. Dezman and Jon Mark Hirshon 37 How to make an academic career: Developing a successful path in research, 253 Deirdre Anglin and Michael Menchine Glossary, 259 Index, 267