Impact of Noise Pollution (eBook)

Front Cover 1
The Impact of Noise Pollution: A Socio -Technological Introduction 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 8
FOREWORD 20
REFERENCES 22
PART I: THE SOCIO-TECHNOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF NOISE 26
CHAPTER 1. NOISE: UBIQUITY, THREATS, AND QUESTIONS 28
THE PROBLEM 28
AN OVERVIEW OF THIS BOOK 31
REFERENCES 33
CHAPTER 2. THE AWARENESS OF NOISE AS A RISK 34
THE LOW AWARENESS 34
TO INCREASE AWARENESS 36
PRESSURES FOR REDUCTION OF NOISI 41
AVAILABILITY OF NOISE COST INFORMATION 43
SOME PROBLEMS IN PUBLIC INFORMATION 44
REFERENCES 45
PART II: THE EFFECTS OF NOISE ON HEALTH 46
CHAPTER 3. THE EFFECTS OF NOISE ON HEARING 48
INTRODUCTION 48
PREVALENCE OF NOISE-INDUCED HEARING LOSS 54
PREVENTION OF NOISE-INDUCED HEARING LOSS 61
THE BURNS AND ROBINSON STUDY AND Ô 1974 EPA REPORT 63
THE EFFECT OF AGING AND PATHOLOGY 65
REFERENCES 65
CHAPTER 4. THE EFFECTS OF NOISE ON SLEEP 67
INTRODUCTION 67
SLEEP—WHAT FOR? 69
THE PROGRESS OF A NIGHT OF SLEEP 71
THE DISTURBANCE TO SLEEP 72
REFERENCES 89
CHAPTER 5. OTHER PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF NOISE 92
OTHER PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS 92
PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS 96
REFERENCES 101
PART III: SURFACE TRANSPORTATION NOISE 104
CHAPTER 6. INTRODUCTION 106
THE PROBLEM 106
THE SOURCES OF SURFACE TRANSPORTATION NOISE 108
REFERENCES 116
CHAPTER 7. TRENDS IN MOTOR VEHICLE NOISE 118
PAST DEVELOPMENTS 118
FORESEEABLE TRENDS 120
REFERENCES 124
CHAPTER 8. THE TECHNOLOGY OF REDUCING MOTOR VEHICLE NOISE 126
SOURCES OF NOISE IN MOTOR VEHICLES 126
NOISE REDUCTION WITHOUT RADICAL CHANGES IN DESIGN 133
RADICAL CHANGES IN DESIGN 140
NOISE, SAFETY, AND AIR POLLUTION 145
SUMMARY OF APPROACHES FOR REDUCING MOTOR VEHICLE NOISE AT THE SOURCE 147
REFERENCES 147
CHAPTER 9. NOISE EMISSION STANDARDS 149
PRESENT LEGISLATION 149
CURRENT TRENDS 150
RAIL VEHICLES 154
REFERENCES 155
CHAPTER 10. THE CHARACTERISTICS AND IMPACT OF SURFACE TRANSPORTATION NOISE 156
CHARACTERISTICS OF TRAFFIC NOISE 157
FACTORS INFLUENCING TRAFFIC NOISE 159
SUMMARY OF FACTORS CAPABLE OF PRODUCING SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN TRAFFIC NOISE 166
EXPOSURE TO TRAIN NOISE 166
EXPOSURE INSIDE VEHICLES 168
REFERENCES 169
CHAPTER 11. REDUCING EXPOSURE TO TRAFFIC NOISE 171
URBAN PLANNING AND ROAD DESIGN 171
SOUNDPROOFING AND ARRANGEMENT OF LIVING SPACE 179
REFERENCES 181
PART IV: AIRCRAFT NOISE 182
CHAPTER 12. INTRODUCTION 184
REFERENCES 189
CHAPTER 13. SOURCES AND PROPAGATION OF AIRCRAFT NOISE 190
SOURCES OF AIRCRAFT NOISE 190
PROPAGATION AND MEASUREMENT 198
REFERENCES 200
CHAPTER 14. THE TECHNOLOGY FOR REDUCING AIRCRAFT NOISE 201
REDUCTION OF NOISE THROUGH ENGINEERING 201
OPERATIONAL NOISE REDUCTION 206
REFERENCES 208
CHAPTER 15. EXPOSURE AND REACTIONS TO AIRCRAFT NOISE 209
THE PARTICIPATING ENVIRONMENT 209
THE NON-PARTICIPATING ENVIRONMENT 212
SOME CONSIDERATIONS ON THE PLANNING OF AIRPORTS 226
REFERENCES 228
CHAPTER 16. THE SUPERSONIC TRANSPORT AND THE SONIC BOOM 229
INTRODUCTION 229
PUBLIC REACTION 230
EFFECTS ON STRUCTURES AND ANIMALS 232
SOME SIGNIFICANT FIELD TESTS 233
TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS 235
A PESSIMISTIC OUTLOOK FOR THE SST 236
REFERENCES 238
PART V: OCCUPATIONAL, DOMESTIC, AND LEISURE NOISE 240
CHAPTER 17. THE SOURCES OF OCCUPATIONAL, DOMESTIC, AND LEISURE NOISE 242
INDUSTRIAL NOISE 243
CONSTRUCTION NOISE 247
HOUSEHOLD NOISE 250
LEISURE NOISE 253
OTHER SOURCES 254
REFERENCES 256
CHAPTER 18. EXPOSURE TO OCCUPATIONAL AND LEISURE NOISE 257
THE PROBLEM 257
OCCUPATIONAL NOISE 259
NON-OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE 265
STANDARDS 270
REFERENCES 270
CHAPTER 19. WORKMEN'S SAFETY AND COMPENSATION LEGISLATION 272
INTRODUCTION 272
SAFETY LEGISLATION 272
WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION 282
APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR RECOMMENDED STANDARDS FOR WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION LAWS 295
REFERENCES 299
CHAPTER 20. THE TECHNOLOGY OF NOISE REDUCTION FROM MACHINES 301
INTRODUCTION 301
HOW TO REDUCE NOISE 303
THE COST OF QUIETING MACHINES: A VERY ROUGH ESTIMATE FOR THE UNITED STATES 313
REFERENCES 316
PART VI: THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF NOISE 318
CHAPTER 21. INTRODUCTION 320
REFERENCES 323
CHAPTER 22. ECONOMICS, WELFARE, AND NOISE 324
THE AIMS OF ECONOMICS 324
ECONOMIC GROWTH 327
ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY 330
ECONOMIC EQUITY 337
REFERENCES 342
CHAPTER 23. EXTERNALITIES: VOLUNTARY BARGAINS, TAXES, AND SUBSIDIES 343
DEFINITION 343
VOLUNTARY BARGAINS 344
TAXES AND SUBSIDIES 347
APPENDIX: THE PRICING OF HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION 350
REFERENCES 353
CHAPTER 24. EXTERNALITIES: LEGISLATION AND SEPARATE FACILITIES 354
BASIC CONSIDERATIONS 354
COMMON LAW ACTION 356
NOISE LEGISLATION 357
REFERENCES 374
CHAPTER 25. EXTERNALITIES: AN ASSESSMENT 376
THE CASE AGAINST LEGISLATION 376
THE CASE AGAINST TAXES 378
SUMMARY 381
REFERENCES 381
CHAPTER 26. COST–BENEFIT ANALYSIS 382
INTRODUCTION 382
THE VALUATION OF NOISE 385
FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS 389
APPENDIX: ESTIMATES OF SOME COMPONENTS OF THE DOLAR COST OF NOISE 395
REFERENCES 400
PART VII: CONCLUSIONS 402
CHAPTER 27. TOWARD THE FUTURE 404
INTRODUCTION 404
VALUE-JUDGMENTS AND DECISION MAKING 405
THE UNIQUE NATURE OF NOISE AS A POLLUTANT 412
THE ISSUE OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT 413
EPILOGUE 414
REFERENCES 414
APPENDICES 416
APPENDIX 1: MEASURES AND INDICES OF NOISE AND ANNOYANCE 418
NOISE: BASIC DEFINITIONS 418
MEASUREMENTS AND RATING PROCEDURES 424
ANNOYANCE 434
REFERENCES 437
APPENDIX 2: TECHNOLOGICAL FORECASTING FOR NOISE CONTROL 438
THE PROBLEM 438
FORECASTING TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES 439
FORECASTING THE COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS 441
NOTES ON FORECASTING METHODOLOGY 441
CONCLUSIONS 443
REFERENCES 443
APPENDIX 3: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENTS FOR NOISE 444
THE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT AND THE COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 444
THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT 446
REFERENCES 449
INDEX 450
NAME AND TITLE INDEX 480