Fine Particulate Pollution (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Fine Particulate Pollution 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Foreword 10
List of Illustrations 12
List of Tables 14
Section I: Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Fine Particles 16
Overview 16
A. Characteristics 16
1. Particle Size 16
2. Particle State 17
3. Particle Shape and Morphology 19
4. Chemical Composition of Fine Particles 19
5. Concentration of Fine Particles 20
6. Resistivity and Electric Charge of Particles 20
References 22
Additional Sources 23
Section II: Health and Environmental Effects of Particulate Pollutants 24
Overview 24
A. Effects on Health 24
1. Lung Dynamics and Airborne Particulate Matter 24
2. Experimental Biological Effects of Particulate Air Pollutants 27
3. Epidemiological Impact of Particulate Air Pollutants 31
Chapter B. Environmental Effects other than Health 33
References 34
Section III: Emission Sources and Control of Fine Particulate Air Pollution 36
Overview 36
A. Sources of Fine Particles and Their Control 39
1. Sources, Quantities, and Particle Size 39
B. Control Technology Collection Capabilities 39
C. New Concepts on Particle Collection 49
D. Problems of Costing Fine Particulate Control Systems 52
E. Major Research and Development Needs and Recommendations 57
References 60
Section IV: Chemical and Physical Reactions, Transport and Fate of Fine Particulate Pollutants 62
Overview 62
A. The Formation of Fine Particulates 63
B. The Behavior of Fine Particulates in the Atmosphere 64
C. Removal of Fine Particulates from the Atmosphere 69
D. Transport of Fine Particulates in the Atmosphere 72
References 74
Section V: Sampling, Monitoring and Measuring of Fine Particulate Air Pollutants 76
Overview 76
A. Particle Counting 77
B. In Situ Physical/Chemical Measurement 81
C. Sampling for Mass Determination and/or Subsequent Chemical and Physical Analysis 82
D. Physical and Chemical Methods for Particle Characterization 83
1. Sampling 83
2. Identification 83
3. Water–soluble Compounds 85
4. Crystal Structure Analysis 85
5. Morphology 86
E. Synopsis of Recent Development 86
F. Cost of Particle Sampling and Analysis 87
1. Cost Comparison of Simple Systems for the Determination of Particle Concentrations 87
2. Cost as a Function of Reproducibility 87
3. Cost Comparison of Complicated Systems for the Determination of Fiber Concentration in Air 87
References 92
Additional Sources for Costs 93
Section VI: Regulations 94
Overview 94
A. Existing and Planned Regulations for Fine Particles 95
1. Austria 95
2. Belgium 96
3. Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) 97
4. Finland 96
5. France 97
6. Hungary 97
7. Italy 97
8. Norway 98
9. Poland 98
10. Sweden 99
11. Switzerland 99
12. Turkey 99
13. United Kingdom 99
14. United States 100
B. Summary 101
1. Total Versus Fine Particulate 101
2. Specific Chemical Composition 102
References 103
Additional Sources 103