Nasals, Nasalization, and the Velum (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Nasals, Nasalization, and the Velum 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contens 6
CONTRIBUTORS 10
PREFACE 12
Part I: Research Methodology and Instrumentation 14
CHAPTER 1. INSTRUMENTS AND TECHNIQUES FOR INVESTIGATING NASALIZATION AND VELOPHARYNGEAL FUNCTION IN THELABORATORY: AN INTRODUCTION 16
1. INTRODUCTION 16
2. MOVEMENT SOURCES: ELECTROMYOGRAPHY 18
3. MOVEMENTS 23
4. MOVEMENT EFFECTS: AERODYNAMICS AND ACOUSTICS 45
5. GENEREAL EXPERIMENTAL ISSUES 61
6. CONCLUSION 65
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 66
NOTES 66
REFERENCES 67
Part Il: Physiology 74
CHAPTER 2. UNDERSTANDING VELIC MOTOR CONTROL: STUDIES OF SEGMENTAL CONTEXT 76
1. INTRODUCTION 76
2. VELOPHARYNGEAL PORT ADJUSTMENTS 78
3. SEGMENTAL EFFECTS 81
4. CONCLUSION 93
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 93
NOTES 94
REFERENCES 94
CHAPTER 3. NONSEGMENTAL INFLUENCES ON VELUM MOVEMENT PATTERNS: SYLLABLES, SENTENCES, STRESS, AND SPEAKING RATE 100
1. INTRODUCTION 100
2. SYLLABLES 102
3. SENTENCES 110
4. STRESS 115
5. SPEAKING RATE 118
6. DISCUSSION 124
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 125
NOTES 126
REFERENCES 126
Part Illl: Aerodynamics and Acoustics 130
CHAPTER 4. AERODYNAMICS OF NASALIZATION 132
1. INTRODUCTION 132
2. NORMAL NASAL RESONANCE 133
3. HYPERNASALITY 136
4. HYPONASALITY 150
5. CONCLUSION 156
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 157
REFERENCES 157
CHAPTER 5. ACOUSTICS OF VOWEL NASALIZATION AND ARTICULATORY SHIFTS IN FRENCH NASAL VOWELS 160
1. INTRODUCTION 160
2. ACOUSTIC STRUCTURE OF NASALIZED VOWELS 161
3. A SPECTRAL MEASURE FOR VOWEL NASALIZATION 168
4. ARTICULATORY SHIFTS IN FRENCH NASAL VOWELS: DISCUSSION 175
5. CONCLUDING REMARKS 178
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 179
REFERENCES 179
Part IV: Perception 182
CHAPTER 6. THE PERCEPTION OF NASAL VOWELS 184
1. INTRODUCTION 184
2. PERCEPTUAL CORRELATES OF THE ORAL-NASAL DISTINCTION IN VOWELS 185
3. THE EFFECTS OF NASALIZATION ON PERCEIVED VOWEL QUALITY 193
4. PHONOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF NASAL VOWEL PERCEPTION 196
5. CONCLUSIONS 204
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 204
NOTES 205
REFERENCES 205
CHAPTER 7. ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES FOR THE PERCEPTION OF NASAL CONSONANTS 210
1. INTRODUCTION 210
2. AN ACOUSTIC CHARACTERIZATION OF NASAL CONSONANTS 211
3. EARLY ANALYSES OF NASAL CONSONANTS 213
4. PLACE OF ARTICULATION IN NASAL CONSONANTS: THE PERCEPTUAL ROLE OF THE MURMUR 217
5. METRICS FOR PLACE OF ARTICULATION IN NASALS: THE SEARCH FOR ACOUSTIC INVARIANCE 220
6. ISSUES AND PERSPECTIVES FROM THE SEARCH FOR INVARIANCE 230
REFERENCES 231
Part V: Phonetic and Phonological Representation 236
CHAPTER 8. THE PHONETICS OF NASAL PHONOLOGY: THEOREMS AND DATA 238
1. INTRODUCTION 238
2. AERODYNAMICS 239
3. ACOUSTICS 246
4. NASAL SOUND PATTERNS WITH A COMPLEX ETIOLOGY 251
5. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION 255
NOTES 256
REFERENCES 257
CHAPTER 9. PHONETICS OF PARTIALLY NASAL CONSONANTS 264
1. INTRODUCTION 264
2. PRENASALIZED STOPS AND AFFRICATES 267
3. OTHER TYPES OF PRENASALIZED SEGMENTS 297
4. OTHER TYPES OF PARTIALLY NASAL CONSONANTS 303
5. FINAL REMARKS 308
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 310
REFERENCES 311
CHAPTER 10. PHONETIC PATTERNS OF NASALIZATION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR FEATURE SPECIFICATION 316
1. INTRODUCTION 316
2. BACKGROUND ON PHONETIC IMPLEMENTATION AND FEATURE SPECIFICATION 317
3. KEATING: INVESTIGATING SEGMENTAL FEATURE SPECIFICATION 320
4. SUBSEQUENT STUDIES 322
5. NASALIZATION ON YORUBA /r/ 329
6. SUMMARY 336
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 338
NOTES 338
REFERENCES 339
CHAPTER 11. THE STATUS OF NASALIZED CONTINUANTS 342
1. INTRODUCTION 342
2. PHONOLOGICAL PATTERNS OF NASALIZED CONTINUANTS 343
3. THE PHONOLOGICAL AND PHONETIC PATTERNS OF 
350 
4. ARE NASALIZED CONTINUANTS DERIVED PHONETICALLY? EVIDENCE FROM MADURESE 369
5. CONCLUSIONS 373
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 376
NOTES 376
REFERENCES 377
CHAPTER 12. THE INHERENT STRUCTURE 
382 
1. INTRODUCTION 382
2. THE FEATURE GEOMETRY OF [nasal] 382
3. PRIVATIVE VERSUS EQUIPOLLENT STATUS OF [nasal] 387
4. CONCLUSION 406
5. APPENDIX: NASALIZATION AND TENSING 407
NOTES 409
REFERENCES 411
CHAPTER 13. CLOSURE, RELEASE, AND NASAL CONTOURS 414
1. INTRODUCTION 414
2. SEGMENT INVENTORIES AND NASAL CONTOURS 420
3. NASALIZATION RULES: EFFECTS ON STOPS 
444 
4. UNRELEASED STOPS CANNOT SUPPORT NASAL CONTOURS 466
5. CONCLUSIONS 471
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 475
NOTES 476
REFERENCES 479
INDEX 484
PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY 497