Anatomy of the Developing Lung (eBook)

Front Cover 1
The Anatomy of the Developing Lung 2
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 4
Introduction 8
CHAPTER I. Embryogenesis 10
References 15
CHAPTFR II. The Postnatal Development of Alveoli 17
The postnatal development of alveoli 18
References 25
CHAPTER III. Electron Microscopy in Study of Lung Development 27
Materials and Methods 27
Mature Lung 27
Lung Development—General 36
Glandular Period 36
Canalicular Period 43
Alveolar Period 47
Postnatal Maturation of Human Lung in Infants of Short Gestation 50
Lung Development—Animal Studies 52
Acknowledgements 56
References 56
CHAPTER IV. Connective Tissue and Lymphatics 58
Connective Tissue 58
Muscle 70
The nervous system 73
The lymphatic system 75
References 81
CHAPTER V. Development of Cartilage 83
Embryology 83
Histogenesis 87
Disturbance of the formation of cartilage 98
References 100
CHAPTER VI. Development of Mucus-Secreting Elements 103
Development of goblet cells and glands 103
Histochemical assessment of functional activity of goblet cells and glands in the bronchial tree 110
Comparative anatomy 113
Role of goblet cells and glands 116
Summary and conclusion 119
References 121
CHAPTER VII. Normal Perinatal Circulation 125
Placental circulation 125
Course of the circulation in the fetus 127
Changes in the pulmonary blood flow following birth 134
Gas tensions and pulmonary vasomotor tone at birth 137
Blood gases in the human infant during delivery 138
The placental circulation after birth 139
Pulmonary circulation and aeration of the lungs 141
Pulmonary arterial pressure of the newborn infant 141
The closure of the foramen ovale 144
The closure of the ductus arteriosus 147
The peripheral circulation 152
References 152
CHAPTER VIII. Pulmonary Vasculature in Post-Natal Life and Pulmonary Haemodynamics 156
The pulmonary trunk at birth and the changes which occur during infancy 156
The effect of hypoxia on changes in the structure of the pulmonary trunk in normal infants and children living at high altitude 160
The small pulmonary blood vessels in the neonatal and perinatal periods 161
The mature pulmonary vasculature 164
The relation of the form of small pulmonary blood vessels to pulmonary arterial pressure and resistance 166
The effect of hypoxia on the small pulmonary blood vessels in healthy infants and children living at high altitude 168
Pulmonary veins 170
The bronchial arteries and their reaction to mechanical stimuli after birth 170
Age changes in the small pulmonary arteries 172
The study of pulmonary arteries from animals 174
Closure of the ductus arteriosus 176
Acknowledgements 177
References 177
CHAPTER IX. Arterial Bronchopulmonary Anastomoses 179
Introduction 179
Definitions 180
Embryology of the pulmonary and bronchial arterial systems 183
Incidence of anastomoses 185
Structure of anastomoses 193
Technical remarks 195
Functional significance of the anastomoses 196
Acknowledgement 196
References 196
CHAPTER X. Functional Development of the Human Lung 200
Material and methods 201
Results 202
Discussion 204
References 210
CHAPTER XI. The Weight of the Lungs 212
Methods 212
Comments 213
References 214
Authors' addresses 220
INDEX 222